A four-week study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding rice milling waste (RMW) and supplementary enzyme (Roxazyme G2 ®) on the performance of broiler chicks. One hundred and twenty (120) 7-day old broiler chicks of Anak strain were randomly divided into eight groups of 15 birds each. The groups were randomly assigned to 8 isocaloric (2.85 Mcal of ME/kg) and isonitrogenous (22.00% crude protein) diets in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement involving a control (0%), three levels (10, 15 and 20%) of RMW and two enzyme levels (0 and 0.02%). Each treatment was replicated three times with five birds per replicate. Results show that feed intake, average daily weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, costs of daily feed intake and feed cost per kg weight gain were significantly (P<0.05) different among the treatment diets. Haematological values such as Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean cellular volume (MCH), mean cellular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean cell volume (MCV) were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments. Enzyme supplementation resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in feed intake and enhanced significantly (P<0.05), the performance of birds that consumed such enzyme supplemented diets. It was concluded that up to 20% RMW can be included in broiler starter diet without any adverse effect on growth performance of birds. However, the significant increase in feed cost per kg weight gain emanating from the inclusion of enzyme in some of the diets may negate the positive effect that Roxazyme G2 ® enzyme had on growth performance of the broiler chicks.
No abstract
The heat of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) in the form of automated technologies in industrial production processes is on the global world. This has raised worries regarding the potential impact of the 4IR particularly on the future of jobs in developing countries. The study investigates the impact of the 4IR on industry labor employment, with particular emphasis on the role of tertiary education in SSA from 2000 to 2018. Due to the dearth of adequate data relating to the elements of 4IR such as robotics, internet of things (IoT), and cloud technologies, the study is benchmarked on the technology achievement of SSA countries, tertiary education attainment, and some elements of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) like mobile phone technology and internet densities. The study employed instrumental variable regression, within the framework of the System GMM estimator, covering the 48 SSA countries. The result shows that technology achievement index (TAI), technology, mobile, mobile phone technology, and education exert a positive effect on industry labor employment in SSA. This suggests that advancement in the elements of 4IR will eventually bring about improvement in the level of industry labor employment. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the governments of SSA countries should embark on structural reforms of the educational system as well as massive investment in ICT penetration and diffusion. These efforts will produce digital manpower to fit into the new job environment while offsetting the immediate job losses occasioned by the 4IR
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