Synthetic dyes are a very efficient class of dyes that are ingested or come into contact with the skin from numerous sources (cosmetics, textiles, leather, paper, and drugs). An important component of their safety profile is the interactions that they form after they enter the body. Hemoglobin is a functionally important protein that can form multiple interactions with soluble compounds present in the blood, and hence forms an important aspect of the toxicological or safety profile of the dyes. Here we study the interaction between bovine hemoglobin and organic dyes using UV-Vis absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Molecular modeling was used to visualize the binding site and partners of the dye molecules, within the hemoglobin molecule. We find that all four dyes studied form sufficiently strong interactions with hemoglobin to allow for the formation of potentially toxic interactions. Molecular modeling showed that all four dyes bind within the central cavity of the hemoglobin molecule. However, binding partners could not be identified as multiple binding conformations with very similar energies were possible for each dye.

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Fungi have emerged as an important cause of health-care associated infections (HCAI) in last few decades. spp. is the most common cause of invasive fungal infections (IFI) in hospitalized individuals. The present study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital with an aim to study species distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of isolates from cases of HCAI. isolates from cases of HCAI from medical intensive care unit were identified up to species level. Antifungal susceptibility testing of isolate was done by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution (BMD) method. The rate of CA-UTI due spp. was 0.3 per 1000 catheter associated days. The rate of catheter related BSI was 0.9 per 1000 catheter associated days. Predominance of non spp. over was noted. Fluconazole resistance was significantly high in NAC spp. compared to .

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