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Hippocampus is a part of the brain that has a major role in spatial learning and memory which can be affected by herbal extracts. Incense resin (Styrax benzoin) has been used by local communities to improve intelligence. However, there is no scientific evidence of the functions of Styrax benzoin for regulating hippocampal function. The aim of this study was intended to analyze and investigate the effect of incense resin on learning, memory, and dendrite complexity of mice. Three months old male Deutch Democratic Yokohama (DDY) mice were injected orally with graded doses of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg of incense resin aqueous extract daily for 30 days. Spatial learning and memory performance levels were tested with Y-maze alternation, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze. The branches and maximum dendritic span in the dentate gyrus were observed by the Golgi-Cox staining. Overall, our results showed that incense resin extract increased learning and memory ability, and the number of dendrite branching in the dentate gyrus.

BACKGROUND: Sciatica is a disease of the peripheral nerves. Sciatica indicates that there is damage to the peripheral nerves in the sciatic nerves. Factors that can affect this disease include gender, posture, parity, age, genetic factors, and occupation. Some of the pathophysiological conditions of sciatica include the pathology of the intervertebral disc, dorsal root, and sciatic nerve itself. The results of standard therapy with surgery have not been effective and very expensive. Therefore, research on therapy in sciatica cases still needs to be done and evaluated. Physical exercise treatment (aerobic] is necessary for this therapy in sciatica cases due to promote the function of peripheral nerves. AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of aerobic exercise treatment on peripheral nerve injury and its relationship to walking function during injury-induced peripheral nerve regeneration. METHODS: This study was an experimental study with a post-test. he study sample consisted of Male Sprague-Dawley rats with an age of about 2-3 months divided into three groups. Control group was conducted by surgery without clamping/injuring the peripheral nerves. The treatment for second group (P1) was clamping/injury of peripheral nerve and given the treatment of physical exercise with aerobics. The treatment for third group (P2) was clamping/injury of peripheral nerve and not given the treatment of physical exercise with aerobics. The intensity of giving physical exercise treatment with aerobic that is carried out is for 42 days. Nerve functional evaluation was carried out using the sciatic function index (SFI) method. Histological staining for sciatic was used hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry with Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP43) [Bioss, bs-0154R] and S100 antibody [ab52642]. This research was  approved by Animal  Ethics Committee of University of Indonesia protocol (No.19-07-0852). RESULTS: There was a significant change between the 7th and 14th days (p<0.001; paired t-test) in the P1 treatment. Improvement in nerve function was found on the 14th day after being given aerobic treatment. This is indicated by the data average change in SFI scores on days 7 and 4 was from -144 to 34. This data is also supported by footprint changes for injured hindfoot data. CONCLUSION: Low intensity aerobics treatment improve the walking function and nerve function in sciatic nerve injury on day 14. This is due to the effect of physical exercise on the injured sciatic nerve.

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Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and secretome to cure various degenerative diseases. Thus, the mass-scale production of MSCs is necessary to ensure their availability and costeffectiveness. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of dynamic 3D and static 2D culture systems on cell proliferation and conditioned media of UC-MSCs. The lysate of concentrated thrombocyte was used to substitute animal-derived serum in the culture media. From two experimental sets with different UC and lysates of concentrated thrombocyte donors, it was found that the shortest PDTs for experimental set 1 were 12.3 h (2D culture) and 14.8 h (3D culture), whereas in experimental set 2, they were 17.7 h (2D culture) and 16.9 h (3D culture). Microscopic observation confirmed the formation of cell aggregates in the 3D system, particularly during the exponential phase. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed similar protein profiles of conditioned media from both culture systems. An anti-inflammatory cytokine, namely tumor necrosis factor beta (TGF-β), was analyzed using ELISA to evaluate the effect of culturing methods on TGF-β release. Interestingly, the relative TGF-β contents in the 2D culture were stagnant throughout the incubation times, whereas a higher accumulation of TGF-β was detected in the 3D culture, which was most likely caused by shear stress. Our study confirmed that a dynamic culture system with a microcarriersupported bioreactor is a promising approach to scaling up MSC and secretome productions.