Urban river not only has the important function in urban hydrological environment, but also is an area for entertainment. Water quality assessment is the core technique in water resource management. As the typical urban river, water samples were collected at 5 sampling points in Xi’an moat from January 2018 to December 2020, and 10 physicochemical parameters were analyzed. In this paper, a comprehensive water quality index (WQI) is designed based on the criterion of water quality classes and entropy weight method firstly. Secondly, the crucial water quality parameters is determined by using mutual information, coefficient of variation and the water quality difference. Finally, an enhanced beetle antennae search algorithm is proposed to optimize the weight values of the crucial parameters in the range 0 to 1, which represent the ratio of the crucial parameter in the minimum WQI (WQImin) model. The WQImin models with different number of crucial water quality parameters are implemented for water quality assessment. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed enhanced beetle antennae search algorithm are validated in comparison with other evolutionary algorithms. The results show that the proposed WQImin model can assess the water quality accurately.

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Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a major threat to wheat production worldwide. It is known that Arabidopsis thaliana glucan synthase-like 5 (AtGSL5) improves the resistance of wheat to powdery mildew by increasing its anti-penetration abilities. However, the function of glucan synthase-like (GSL) orthologs in crop species remains largely unknown. In this study, TaGSL22, a novel functional ortholog of AtGSL5, was isolated as the only Bgt-induced GSL gene in wheat. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaGSL22 was conserved within the group of Gramineae and showed a closer relationship to GSL orthologs from monocots than to those from dicots. The TaGSL22 transcript was highest in the wheat leaves, followed by stems then roots. TaGSL22 was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of wheat protoplasts, as predicted by transmembrane structure analysis. In addition, expression of TaGSL22 was induced by the plant hormones ethylene (ETH) and salicylic acid (SA), but down-regulated by jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The transcript level of TaGSL22 was up-regulated in the incompatible interaction between Bgt and wheat, whereas it remained relatively unchanged in the compatible interaction. Knocking down of TaGSL22 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) induced a higher infection type in the wheat–Bgt interaction. The TaGSL22-silenced plants exhibited reduced resistance to Bgt, accompanied by decreased callose accumulation. Our study shows a conserved function of GSL genes in plant immunity associated with penetration resistance, and it indicates that TaGSL22 can be used to improve papilla composition and enhance resistance to wheat powdery mildew.

Autophagy can affect the invasion and metastasis of carcinoma. Our previous study has shown that invasion and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) can be promoted by the metabolic reprogramming of free fatty acids (FFAs). However, the effect of FFA metabolism on autophagy in SACC remains unknown. In this study, we showed that overexpression of paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) reduced the number of autophagosomes and decreased the expression of LC3 and Beclin‐1 in SACC patients and SACC‐83 cells in vitro. Moreover, PRRX1‐mediating FFA reprogramming triggered to autophagy via regulating acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), leading to invasion and migration in SACC.