Background:The study aimed to investigate the expression of OVOLs in breast cancer (BRCA) tissues and their value in prognosis. Methods: ONCOMINE was used to analyze the expressions of OVOL1, OVOL2, and OVOL3 mRNA between BRCA tissues and normal breast tissues. The Wilcoxon rank sum test and t-test were used to assess the expression of OVOLs between BRCA tissues and unpaired/paired normal breast tissues. GEPIA and ROC curves were used to analyze the relationship between OVOLs expression and clinical pathological stage. Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to analyze prognosis. cBioPortal was used to analyze the mutation of OVOLs. GEPIA was used to analyze the co-expression of OVOLs. GO and KEGG analyses were performed by the DAVID software to predict the function of OVOLs co-expression genes. Results: The expression of OVOL1/2 was significantly higher in BRCA tissues than in normal breast tissues. The OVOL3 expression correlated with tumor stage. The AUC of OVOLs was 0.757, 0.754, and 0.537, respectively. OVOL1 high expression was associated with shorter overall survival (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07-2.04; P=0.018). The OVOLs were associated with pathways including axon guidance, thyroid hormone signaling pathway, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Conclusion: OVOL1 is a new potential marker of prognosis in BRCA, and OVOL1/2 are potential therapeutic targets in BRCA.

No abstract

It is well known that biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) guarantee the well-being of human society. Most studies have focused on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function, and less is known about the individual and combined effects of above- and below-ground biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality under grazing disturbance. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between plant and soil microbial (bacterial and fungal) diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality under grazing disturbance by using multiple methods to assess ecosystem multifunctionality. We conducted experiments in desert grasslands on the northern slopes of the Tian Shan Mountains and compared the relationship between ecosystem multifunctionality and biodiversity assessed by different methods under light grazing and heavy grazing. Our results showed that at the heavy grazing level, ecosystem multifunctionality calculated by the mean method and plant diversity, soil fungal diversity, soil bacterial diversity and soil fertility calculated by the single function method showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05), but grass productivity was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Among them, ecosystem multifunctionality, soil carbon storage function and soil fertility all showed significant positive correlations with plant diversity and soil microbial diversity (p < 0.05). We calculated that ecosystem multifunctionality also essentially showed positive correlation with plant diversity and soil microbial diversity using the multi-threshold method, and the effect curve was approximately a single-peaked curve, first increasing and then decreasing. Finally, we used plant diversity, soil fungal diversity and soil bacterial diversity under grazing disturbance as biotic factors and soil pH as an abiotic factor to construct structural equation models, and we found that grazing can have direct effects on ecosystem multifunctionality and indirect effects on ecosystem multifunctionality through above- and below-ground biodiversity. Our study emphasizes the importance of the combination of above- and below-ground biodiversity in maintaining the multifunctionality of desert grassland ecosystems on the northern slopes of the Tian Shan Mountains. A moderate reduction in grazing intensity can better conserve biodiversity and improve ecosystem multifunctionality, and it is a feasible strategy to maintain sustainable management of desert grasslands.

Ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring human survival and development. However, few studies have focused on the effects of different grazing intensities on EMF, and little is known about the changes in the function of multiple ecosystems at different grazing intensities. The paper uses research methods such as plant community survey and high-throughput sequencing technology to study the grassland EMF on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in China. We use the mean value method to calculate the EMF and explore the effects of no grazing (CK), light grazing (LG) and heavy grazing (HG) on grassland EMF. Results showed that HG significantly improved moisture regulation (MR) function (p < 0.05), and decreased soil fertility (SF) (p > 0.05), soil carbon storage (SCS) (p > 0.05), nutrient conversion and cycling (NC) (p > 0.05), grassland productivity (GP) function (p < 0.05) and EMF (p < 0.05). The EMF index of the grassland ecosystem under grazing conditions ranges from 0.3328–0.6018. GP, SCS and NC functions have the highest contribution to EMF under CK, LG and HG conditions, respectively. Under grazing conditions, EMF showed a cooperative relationship with SF, SCS and GP, and the correlation coefficient (r) value was between 0.62–0.76 (P < 0.05). At the same time, EMF and grassland water MR showed a trade-offs relationship (r = 0.68, P < 0.05). The results of structural equation models showed that grazing have a significant effect on EMF directly, and indirectly through soil fungal diversity. Therefore, reasonable reduction of grazing intensity is the most effective management approach to maintain ecosystem function. At the same time, grazing plays a key role in maintaining EMF by regulating both above- and below-ground ecosystem functions, primarily through soil fungal diversity. This study sheds light on the EMF response to grazing intensity in montane grasslands, and provides a theoretical basis for restoring degraded grasslands and sustainable ecosystem development.

Ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring human survival and development. However, few studies have focused on the effects of different grazing intensities on EMF, and little is known about changes in the function of multiple ecosystems at different grazing intensities. The study investigated EMF of mountain meadow grasslands on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in China, by way of a plant community survey coupled with high-throughput sequencing technology. The study calculated the EMF using the mean value method and explore the effects of no grazing (CK), light grazing (LG), and heavy grazing (HG) on grassland EMF. Results showed that HG significantly improved moisture regulation (MR) function (p < 0.05), and decreased soil fertility (SF) (p > 0.05), soil carbon storage (SCS) (p > 0.05), nutrient conversion and cycling (NC) (p > 0.05), grassland productivity (GP) function (p < 0.05), and EMF (p < 0.05). The EMF index of the grassland ecosystem under grazing conditions ranged from 0.3328–0.6018. GP, SCS, and NC functions had the highest contribution to EMF under CK, LG, and HG conditions, respectively. Under grazing conditions, EMF showed a cooperative relationship with SF, SCS, and GP, and the correlation coefficient (r) was between 0.62–0.76 (p < 0.05). At the same time, EMF and grassland water MR showed a relationship of trade-offs (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). The results of structural equation models showed that grazing had a significant effect on EMF directly, and also indirectly through soil fungal diversity. Therefore, reasonable reduction of grazing intensity is the most effective management approach for maintaining ecosystem function. At the same time, grazing plays a key role in maintaining EMF by regulating both above- and below-ground ecosystem functions, primarily through soil fungal diversity. This study elucidates the response of mountain grassland EMF to grazing intensity and provides a theoretical basis for restoring degraded grassland and sustainable ecosystem development.