Objectives: Evaluation of clinical spectrum, laboratory profile, histology and colonoscopic features of juvenile polyp and polyposis syndrome.Method: This is a retrospective observational study and we reviewed medical records of 77 children who were diagnosed as juvenile polyp and polyposis syndrome.

Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive inheritance and there is cellular deficiency of enzymes leading to defective/impaired metabolism of galactose resulting in toxic byproducts like galactilol, galactose-1-phosphate and galactonate that affect mainly liver, brain, kidneys, lens and gonads. Galactosemia appears as a rare metabolic cause of neonatal cholestasis syndrome (NCS). The classic disease manifestation after the first milk feeding varies in severity from an acute fulminant illness to a more common subacute illness beginning within the first few days of life. Neonatal sepsis is one of the presentations. Galactokinase deficiency results primarily in cataract formation and galactosuria. The preliminary diagnosis of galactosemia in sick neonates and suspected infants is made by Benedict test in several urine specimens and followed by dipstick test to exclude glycosuria. Gold standard test is demonstration of low enzyme activity in erythrocyte. Galactosemia can be detected by newborn screening methods like the Guthrie test using filterpaper blood samples. Classical form of galactosemia should be treated with an absolute galactose restricted diet without waiting for confirmation of the diagnosis. Here we report a case of a 50-dayold boy with features of neonatal cholestasis, diagnosed as galactosemia by using a simple cost effective method. J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(1): 43-48

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Background: Constipation is not uncommon in childhood. This study was aimed to evaluate demography and probable/potential risk factors for functional constipation in Bangladeshi children. Materials & Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 179 children from May 2018 to June 2019 in the department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, BSMMU, Dhaka both indoor and outdoor basis. Collected data from children with constipation who fulfilled the Rome III criteria were analyzed by SPSS 20. Results: Among 179 children, 54.75% were boys, and 45.25% girls. It was found more in age group above 5 years (56.42%), then in 2 to 5 years (33.52%) and lower in below 2 years (10.6%). Constipation was more in urban areas (55.3%) than in rural (44.69%). Among potential risk factors, low fiber in diet (72.63%) was most common, other factors were ingestion of cow’s milk (32.96%), not having regular meals with parents (19.55%), consumption of junk foods (28.49%), Staying with grandparents (16.76%), living in hostel or madrasa / residential, religious institute (5.03%), long period of academic activity (7.26%), unhygienic toilet in school (6.14%) were also found to be probable risk factors in this study. Conclusion: Functional constipation was found more in boys & above five-year age groups. Low dietary fiber, consumption of cow’s milk & junk food, unwillingness to use toilets in school were found as potential underlying risk factors of constipation. Bangladesh J Child Health 2020; VOL 44 (3) :148-152

Background: Chronic diarrhea is insidious onset that persists for 14 days and more, usually of noninfectious origin. Chronic diarrhea in children is not an uncommon problem in our country. Objectives: Objective of this study was to evaluate children with chronic diarrhea by clinical-biochemical profile and outcome. Methods: It was a retrospective observational study done in the department of paediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, BSMMU. The study was done during January 2017 through December 2018. Forty-five patients diagnosed as chronic diarrhea between the ages of 6 months to 18 years were included in this study. We Clinical, laboratory data and outcome of patients were analyzed. Results: Mean age of children was 5.96±2.3 year, 60%(27) were male and 40% (18) were female. Among them under 5 years were 55%(25). All children presented with diarrhea (100%) along with fever (24%), FTT (22%), abdominal pain (20%) and weight loss (20%). About 58% of children had anemia and 14% had hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly. Raised ESR (40%), leukocytosis (20%), thrombocytosis (16%), raised CRP (13%) and electrolyte imbalance (16%) were observed. Intestinal TB (18%) was the most common etiology of chronic diarrhea. Moreover, chronic constipation with fecal incontinence mimicking diarrhea (11%), IBD (9%), coeliac disease (8%), IBS (7%), HIV enteropathy (4%), primary immunodeficiency disorder (4%) were also found. Improvement of diarrhea was observed in 96% children, 4% patient died due to diarrhea-related complications. Conclusion: Chronic diarrhea in children is not uncommon in Bangladesh and diagnosis of etiologies are challenging. Intestinal tuberculosis found to be an important cause of chronic diarrhea in this study. Although in the majority of the cases, etiology could not be identified, some remote etiologies were found on this study, like chronic constipation with fecal incontinence mimicking diarrhea, IBD, HIV enteropathy, primary immunodeficiency. DS (Child) H J 2020; 36(1) : 46-51