The purposes of this research were to evaluate phorbol esters (PEs) degradation rate and enzyme production yield using submerged fermentation (SMF) as screening method and further using solid-state fermentation (SSF) as pilot scale-up study. SMF was carried out with 20 g seed cake in 100 ml minimal salt medium for 7 days incubation, while SSF was done with 20 g seed cake at 50% moisture content for 9 days incubation. Bacillus strains grew well on J. curcas seed cake with 10 8 -10 11 CFU/ ml in SMF for 3 days incubation, while they were 10 8 -10 10 CFU/ g in SSF. PEs reduced 76. 5%, 77.1%, 78.4%, 85.5%, and 92.0% in SMF with B. smithii G16, B. sonorensis D12, B. licheniformis A3, B. subtilis H8 and B. coagulans C45 for 3 days incubation, respectively, and PEs completed degraded by these five strains for 7 days incubation. Maximum amylase, cellulase, lipase, pectinase, protease and xylanase productions in SMF were observed in B. sonorensis D12 (5.49 ± 0.49 U/ ml; day 7), B. subtilis H8 (17.03 ± 4.90 U/ ml; day 2), B. licheniformis A3 (59.03 ± 0.26 U/ ml; day 7), B. sonorensis D12 (1.70 ± 0.04 U/ ml; day 3), B. coagulans C45 (15.95 ± 0.35 U/ ml; day 7) and B. smithii G16 (1.40 ± 0.01 U/ ml; day 3), respectively. For SSF, PEs were reduced 86.0%, 83.2%, and 93.0% with B. sonorensis D12, B. subtilis H8 and B. smithii G16 for 3 days incubation, respectively. Maximum amylase, cellulase, lipase, pectinase, protease and xylanase productions in SSF were observed in B. smithii G16 (16.08 ± 0.36 U/ g; day 4), B. sonorensis D12 (2.94 ± 0.06 U/ g; day 2), B. smithii G16 (3.87 ± 0.64 U/ g; day 4), B. sonorensis D12 (8.13 ± 1.06 U/ g; day 2), B. smithii G16 (14.13 ± 0.30 U/ g; day 4) and B. smithii G16 (9.72 ± 0.97 U/ g; day 3), respectively. J. curcas seed cake could be detoxified by Bacillus and the high-protein seed cake could be potentially used for enzyme production in industry.

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Drainage canal sediments in an industrial park are generally dredged to landfill in Taiwan. The objective of this study was to evaluate feasibility employing the sediment as an adsorbent for removal of dye. The sediment contained approximately 10% of organic matter and little heavy metals. Infrared (IR) analysis revealed that carboxyl was the most important functional group for methylene blue (MB) sorption. Canal sediment could remove the most MB from water at pH 8.0 and this removal increased with increasing temperature. The MB sorption was well described by the Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin sorption isotherms at 10°C, but it showed good compliance with Freundlich isotherm at 25°C and 40°C. The MB adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic reaction; its maximum calculated adsorption capacity (Q) was 56.0 mg g at 10°C by the Langmuir isotherm. The calculated values of enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) are 14.6 kJ mol and 149.2 kJ mol, respectively. Only pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model successfully described the kinetics of MB onto the sediment at different operation parameters. Activation energy of MB adsorption calculated from Arrhenius equation was 16.434 kJ mol, indicating the binding between canal sediment and MB was a physical adsorption.

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