No abstract

Translational control is an important but relatively unappreciated mechanism that regulates levels of protein products. In addition to a global translational control that regulates the cell's response to external stimuli such as growth factors, cytokines, stress and viral infections, selective translational control has recently been demonstrated to affect many genes related to growth and apoptotic processes. Modifications in the 5'untranslated region of these specific mRNAs may lead to an up-regulation of the protein product by as much as 100-fold. Translational infidelity has been reported in some human cancers for oncogenes such as c-myc and mdm2. Furthermore, modulation of selective translational control has also been demonstrated in cells over-expressing the translation initiation factor elF4E. Elevated levels of elF4E were found in a broad spectrum of solid tumors (breast, head and neck, colon and bladder carcinomas as well as in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas). Other translation initiation factors and translation components such as elongation factors and ribosomal proteins have also been reported to be overexpressed in some human tumors. This review discusses the relevance of these observations to a cell's proteome and for tumorigenesis and how the genomics and proteomics can be used to advance our understanding of the role of translational control in cancer.

Background Early use of follicular unit excision (FUE) as a method of hair transplantation was limited by high rates of hair follicle transection. This hurdle has been overcome by innovative methods, punch shapes, and devices. With the vast array of tools available, it can be difficult for hair transplant surgeons to choose the best option for their practices. Aims To provide an in‐depth review and comparison of currently available FUE methods, punch designs, and motorized devices, and discuss how these tools fit the unique skin and hair characteristics of patients. Methods A review of the literature and available information on FUE methods, punches, and devices, as well as the authors’ experience in this area, is provided. Results Innovative FUE methods, punch shapes, and motorized devices have successfully minimized the rate of hair follicle transection. Methods include the use of sharp punches with depth control, and blunt rotating punches. Punch shapes such as flared, hybrid, and edge out have successfully reduced transections by keeping the cutting edge away from the follicles under the skin. The development of motorized devices using features including rotation, roto‐oscillation, oscillation, vibration, suction, and hydration has also aided in achieving more successful graft excision. Conclusion Follicular unit excision is a widely used technique by hair restoration surgeons. Therefore, it is important for physicians to be aware of the array of punches and devices available and understand how these tools can be used to adapt to the unique skin and hair characteristics of individual patients to optimize successful graft harvesting.

Invasive fungal sinusitis of the paranasal sinuses in a healthy immunocompetent person is uncommon. Isolated involvement of any paranasal sinus, particularly sphenoid sinus is rare. In this study, five immunocompetent patients who had no nasal complaints but obscure symptoms of headache and orbital symptoms such as diplopia, retro-orbital pain and loss of vision were diagnosed to be having fulminant fungal sinusitis of the sphenoid sinus. Three patients had aspergillosis and two patients had mucormycosis. These patients initially presented to neurologists and ophthalmologists because they had no ENT complaints. The diagnosis was made on endoscopy, radiology and histopathology. They were treated aggressively according to the standard protocols. The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the changing clinical spectrum of invasive fungal sinusitis. It can occur in immunocompetent patients and in the form of isolated sphenoid sinus involvement.

Beard and moustache reconstruction has gained more popularity and acceptance over the last decade. The procedure is done for the correction of facial areas with hair density deficit and also for the cosmetic enhancement of pre-existing facial hair. The surgical technique includes the harvesting of grafts from the scalp by the follicular unit excision (FUE) or follicular unit transplantation (FUT) technique and then placing them in either premade slits or by stick and place method. The advancement and refinement of procedure over the years has aided in achieving the optimal aesthetic results, with minimal side effects.