Introduction: Nowadays, organophosphate (OP) compounds are widely used in agricultural field as an insecticide. Toxicity with these compounds is owing to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Patients are presented with muscarinic and nicotinic side effects. Objective: To study the clinical aspect of OP poisoning in detail with hospital stay, clinical course, complication, and recovery and mortality in OP poisoning. Materials and Methods: This study was done at Gandhi Medical College and in association with ayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad India, comprising 271 cases of OP poisoning. After taking written consent, personal history of the patients was taken. Then, a detailed history regarding poison and clinical symptoms was taken. Then, general and systematic examinations of patients were carried out, and blood samples were sent for investigations. We followed up the patients till discharge or death. Result: In our study, maximum incidence of OP poisoning was in between 21-30 years age group (40%), and male to female ratio was 4:1. Clinical symptoms such as unconsciousness, stupor (90.47%), vomiting (9.42%), convulsions (66.00%) are froth at mouth and nostrils (62.00%) and the common symptoms whereas constricted pupils (85.71%), pulmonary oedema (88.00%), Tachycardia (76.17%), hypotension (28.57%)are the common signs noted in this series of cases who were treated in the hospital and where the hospital records were available. Post-mortem appearances no specific anatomic changes are found in acute poisoning the changes are suggestive os asphyxia. The appearances are external or internal. The histopathological findings are not significant. Histopathological examination of tissue revealed usually congestion of brain, oedema and congestion of lungs and fatty degeneration in liver and in some cases cloudy swelling and tubular necrosis in kidneys. Conclusion: Detailed history and thorough clinical examination of patients are helpful in diagnosing the patients of OP poisoning. Lifethreatening complications occurred in these patients. Early detection and immediate treatment in intensive care units with injections atropine and PAM can increase the chances of survival rate of patients.

Background: The present study is undertaken to estimate the prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile preschool children (1 month to 5 years of age) in febrile children visiting at tertiary care centre of Jhalawar, Rajasthan Methods: It was a cross-sectional, prospective, observational, non interventional study, carried out to analyse the prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile preschool children (1 month to 5 years of age) in febrile children visiting medical college, Hospital Jhalawar. The study was conducted in Department of Paediatrics, between Dec. 2019  to  March 2020. The study was approved by Ethics Committee.   Results: During the study period, we have screened total 1379 preschool children (under 5 years of age) with fever. Out of this total 1379 febrile children, 86 children found to be culture positive cases for UTI (CP-UTI). The prevalence of culture positive cases for UTI in this study was 6.23%. In the prospect of age, 24 (27.91%) children were found to be infant and 62(72.09%) children were found to be of age between 1 years to 5 years. Conclusion: UTIs in preschool children are often having vague and variable symptoms, often fever is the only symptoms. An untreated UTI can lead to subsequent damage and impairment of renal structure and function, it is very important to diagnose and treat UTI in preschool children. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, E.coli, Fever.

Background: Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte imbalance observed in children with pneumonia. Presence of hyponatremia may increase the morbidity and mortality in pneumonia. The purpose of the study was to find the frequency of hyponatremia in 2 months to 5 years old children hospitalized with pneumonia and to correlate the hyponatremia with the severity of pneumonia. Methods: This prospective observational study involved 100 children of 2 months to 5 years, admitted in tertiary care hospital with pneumonia. Subjects were classified as pneumonia and severe pneumonia according to WHO criteria. Relevant demographic, clinical data and outcome of the patients were noted. Serum sodium was analyzed and was correlated with severity of pneumonia. Results: Out of 100 children included in this study, 64 were boys and 36 were girls. Hyponatremia was found in 43.0% of children with pneumonia. Mild hyponatremia was the commonest and seen in 26 children. Mortality was more in children with hyponatremia compared to normonatremia. Conclusion: Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte imbalance found in pneumonia and more commonly seen in severe pneumonia. Hyponatremia is associated with increased mortality.  Keywords: Children, Hyponatremia, Mortality, Pneumonia.