Objective: To investigate the relationship between acute exposure to air pollutants and spontaneous pregnancy loss. Design: Case-crossover study from 2007 to 2015. Setting: An academic emergency department in the Wasatch Front area of Utah. Patient(s): A total of 1,398 women who experienced spontaneous pregnancy loss events. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Odds of spontaneous pregnancy loss. Result(s): We found that a 10-ppb increase in 7-day average levels of nitrogen dioxide was associated with a 16% increase in the odds of spontaneous pregnancy loss (odds ratio [OR] ¼ 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.33; P¼ .04). A 10-mg/m 3 increase in 3-day and 7-day averages of fine particulate matter were associated with increased risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss, but the associations did not reach statistical significance (OR 3-day average ¼ 1.09; 95% CI 0.99-1.20; P¼ .05) (OR 7-day average ¼ 1.11; 95% CI 0.99-1.24; P¼ .06). We found no evidence of increased risk for any other metrics of nitrogen dioxide or fine particulate matter or any metric for ozone. Conclusions: We found that short-term exposure to elevated levels of air pollutants was associated with higher risk for spontaneous pregnancy loss. (Fertil Steril Ò 2019;111:341-7. Ó2018 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) El resumen está disponible en Español al final del artículo.

The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of physical activity on cardiovascular and noncardiovascular outcomes in the older adult population. While age, gender and family history are nonmodifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease, physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor at all ages. Regular physical activity throughout life is a key component in reducing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. This review specifically emphasizes walking as the preferred modality of physical activity, since it is known to have an effect on the traditional and nontraditional risk factors of cardiovascular disease.