Sumathy, V. and Baucom, K. (Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Miss., USA). Prolapse of the Fallopian tube following abdominal hysterectomy. Report of three cases. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 13: 273–276, 1975. Three cases of prolapse of the Fallopian tube are presented. Probable predisposing factors for this clinical entity include post‐operative pelvic infection, failure to secure separate closure of the peritoneum and vaginal vault following abdominal hysterectomy. Unfortunately symptoms of tubal prolapse are very vague and misleading. Initial diagnosis is usually that of granulation tissue. A biopsy should be taken of any lesion within the vaginal vault which is sensitive to touch, bleeds easily and persists despite cauterization. Treatment of prolapsed tube is that of high ligation and excision. Cauterization of the prolapsed tube does not usually result in permanent cure. It is highly possible that there are more undiagnosed cases than one would imagine.

Osteoporosis is a preventable, potentially crippling disease characterized by low bone density and increased bone fragility that affects millions of people. The seeds of this pernicious disease are sown during adolescence, when the skeleton is most active in absorbing dietary calcium and building up nearly all the bone mass that will carry the teenager throughout life. Dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K, particularly vitamin K2, is critical during this life stage for optimal bone growth; unfortunately, the majority of adolescents in the USA do not consume adequate amounts. In addition, many adolescents are now using oral contraceptives or intrauterine devices that prevent ovulation, thus inhibiting formation of progesterone required for the development of osteoblasts. Oral contraceptives also lower blood levels of vitamins B6 and B12, both of which are necessary to prevent elevated levels of homocysteine, whose impact on bone can be significant. In addition to "the pill," many commonly prescribed medications disrupt normal bone remodeling and promote osteoporosis. Other remediable factors that cause excessive bone loss include insufficiencies of key nutrients, such as vitamin D3, vitamin K2, and calcium, required for healthy bone remodeling. It is important to recognize key risk factors and manage those that can be modified to prevent disease and/or minimize risk of fracture. This article presents an overview of osteoporosis, pathophysiology of disease, diagnostic tests, risk factors, and clinical recommendations for healthy bones.