Carbohydrates are the most common biopolymers, with the capability to construct supramolecular structures. For biomedical purposes, a variety of carbohydrate-based nanoparticles have been used. Basic monosaccharides or disaccharides, along with sophisticated polymeric systems, are used to create these structures. The shape and properties of these materials can be modified using chemical alterations. Carbohydrates-based nanogels and nanoparticles have been used for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell imaging. Carbohydrate-based elements are excellent derivatives for the production of responsive systems because of the reversible character of the assembly, which is frequently based on a mixture of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The present manuscript attempts to review the recent studies on carbohydrate-based nanomaterials and an update on the patents granted for the same.

Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) is a destructive viral pathogen that affects green gram (Vigna radiata) crops, leading to significant yield losses and economic repercussions. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of YMV on green gram cultivation, explores the current management strategies employed to combat the disease, and discusses future perspectives for effective YMV control and prevention. YMV is primarily transmitted through whiteflies and infects green gram plants at various stages of growth, causing severe symptoms such as leaf yellowing, stunted growth, and mosaic patterns. These symptoms ultimately lead to reduced crop yield and quality. The virus poses a major threat to green gram production globally, demanding urgent attention and effective management practices. Various management approaches have been employed to mitigate the impact of YMV. Cultural practices, including proper field sanitation, weed control, and crop rotation, play a vital role in disease management. Insecticide application, use of yellow sticky traps, and whitefly population monitoring are important components of integrated pest management strategies aimed at reducing virus transmission. Additionally, the development and deployment of resistant cultivars through conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches have shown promise in minimizing YMV infection and its associated losses. Despite these efforts, YMV continues to pose significant challenges to green gram production, necessitating further research and innovative approaches. Future perspectives for YMV management involve the integration of advanced technologies such as molecular diagnostics, genome editing, and RNA interference to enhance disease resistance in green gram varieties. Additionally, promoting awareness among farmers about YMV symptoms, preventive measures, and adoption of integrated disease management strategies will contribute to sustainable green gram production. In conclusion, YMV represents a major threat to green gram cultivation, affecting crop productivity and economic sustainability. This review emphasizes the need for concerted efforts to develop comprehensive YMV management strategies. By combining conventional and modern techniques, effective disease control measures can be implemented to mitigate the impact of YMV and secure the future of green gram production.