The increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere contribute to increasing average temperature earth’s surface. This research investigated relationship between variation of GHGs and human thermal comfort based on humidity index (humidex). This study applied humidex, an indices to assess the thermal comfort. The analysis was done by examining the observational data from two different monitoring stations in Serpong and Bogor. The result showed that the average CO2 concentration per month ranged between 422 and 453 ppm in Serpong, whereas in Bogor the average CO2 concentration per month was 413-426 ppm. The average CH4 concentration per month variation in Serpong was 2.05-2.65 ppm. While in Bogor, the average CH4 concentration per month variation ranged between 1.92 and 2.08 ppm. The difference of GHGs concentration in each location might be influenced by meteorological parameters and environmental characteristics. The comfort level according to humidex in Serpong was 30.5-41.5 whereas in Bogor was 29.4-38.5. The correlation between GHGs concentration and air temperature in urban areas in both stations showed a significant and strong but negative relationship. The relationship between GHGs concentration and humidex was indirectly indicated by the relationship of GHGs concentration on air temperature as indicator of humidex.

The Act regarding Waste Management was enacted in Indonesia in December 2008, requiring all citizens of Jakarta to segregate their waste for recycling. However, "social capacity" is required to achieve sound waste recycling. This refers to the people's cooperation and participation in waste management, which is vitally important for establishing a 3R society.The purpose of this research is to determine the level of social capacity in Jakarta for becoming a 3R society, and to propose some effective policies to the government of Jakarta. This research was conducted via interviews with stakeholders of waste management in Jakarta, and a questionnaire survey with a sample of Jakarta citizens.In 2004, Professor Kimura of Nagoya University interviewed the stakeholders of the waste management of Jakarta. This investigation was followed-up in 2007 by us, and the results were compared. The results showed that the social capacity of Jakarta was improving.The following year, in 2008, a questionnaire survey with more than 300 Jakarta citizens was conducted, in order to gauge attitudes towards waste management policy, and the role of big business and individual citizens in waste management.The survey results indicate that the social capacity of Jakarta is gradually increasing. There is a clear hope expressed by the citizens of Jakarta that the city will address the issue of waste management seriously, through such policies as new rules for waste management, educating the people through a media campaign, and the collection of recyclable waste from the front of supermarkets, for example. We propose to examine the introduction of the 'deposit system' versus the 'penalty system', with citizens' participatory conference.

Mangrove plays important role in the coastal ecosystem worldwide, and Indonesia as an archipelagic country occupies about 27% of the global mangrove area. Unfortunately, about 48% of areas of Indonesia’s mangroves have been damaged. Human, biophysics and climate stressors are found to affect the mangrove damages. Using a case study of Pekalongan and Demak, i.e., the prioritized locations for mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia, this study translated the contributing stressors into quantifiable indicators that can be used to measure the risks. The risk framework on climate change assessment and ecological sensitive evaluation was employed to define the measured indicators and parameters. The indicators were classified into distinctive groups of hazards, exposures, and vulnerability which were composed of sensitivity and capacity. The indicators are then defined with regards to the existence of mangroves as an individual (vegetation), habitat, and ecosystem, and a set of parameters constitute the indicators measured the stressors of socio-economics, biophysics, and climate were determined with regards to the data availability and requirements. The measured indicators can be helpful to identify what strategies or actions should be devised to address the most contributing indicators to the mangrove risks and may be replicated to other coastal areas in the tropical regions.

Designing climate change adaptation actions are considerably a challenge, as the actions should be targeted uniquely addressing climate change impacts. One of the challenges is to determine climate change adaptation sites. The complexity raises considering climate change impact a wide range of economic sectors, which require a lot of resources to conduct a comprehensive climate change assessments. This study proposes the use of climate change hotspots as an initiative to firstly consider the potential targeted sites. The target of global efforts to maintain air temperature under 2°C was employed as a clue to prioritize areas that air temperature is increasing beyond the thresholds to which can affect human activities. This study employed spatial and threshold analysis to develop climate change hotspots of projected temperature change for 2021-2050 over Indonesia. The thresholds were defined by considering the effects of base temperature of 32 °C, 35 °C, and 38 °C on agriculture, environment, and human health in combination with elevated temperature from 0.75 to 2 °C. The initiative method was applied to the baseline and projected air temperature obtained from higher resolution of climate model outputs simulated under representative carbon pathway scenario of 4.5 (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) as a case study. The maps of climate change hotspots provide the potential targeted areas for climate change adaptation actions. Referring to the target of suppressing global temperatures below 2°C, we identified the distribution of climate change hotspots in Indonesia with a scenario of increasing temperature of 2°C from baseline conditions so that future air temperatures will be more than 35°C. The maps can also be combined with the other maps related to climate change analyses, which are available in Indonesia such as SIDIK to refine the priority areas and/or more general geographic information such as city location. As an example, the overlay of climate change hotspots and city location can provide early anticipation on which city will experience urban heat island. The development of climate change hotspots nationally is also expected to initiate climate change services that can be provided to the end users to ease them in defining suitable actions to adapt to the impacts of climate change.