Temperature and substrate for germination of Christmas Cactus (Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran)Schlumbergera truncata is a cacti of epiphytic habit known popularly as Christmas Cactus, Thanksgiving Cactus or Crab Cactus, Zygocactus. It is an ornamental plant cultivated in vases and highly appreciated for the beauty of their flowers. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of temperature and of substrate on seed germination of S. truncata. The substrates used in the experiment included: blotting paper, sand of medium granulation, charred rice peel and triturated cane pulp. The tested temperatures were 20, 25 and 30 o C. The analyzed variables were: germination percentage, index of germination speed and average germination time. The highest germination percentages were recorded at 20 o C and 25 o C for paper, sand and charred rice peel. Charred rice peel showed the highest index of germination speed and the lowest average germination time. In conclusion, temperature at 20 o C and the substrate charred rice peel showed the best results for seed germination of S. truncata and cane pulp was not a suitable substrate for the germination of the species. Temperatura e substrato para germinação de sementes de flor-de-maio (Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran)

As an additive in in vitro culture media, fruits have a great potential for facilitating economical orchid production because of lower technology requirements and the ease of obtaining raw materials to formulate culture media. We studied the in vitro growth of Cattleya bicolor Lindl. grown in a simplified culture medium supplemented with different kinds of fruit pulp. The experimental design was completely randomised, with eight seedlings per replication and ten replications per treatment, for a total of 80 seedlings per treatment. The culture medium was made using 150 g L -1 of pulp (without peel or seed) from the following fruits: ripe Santa Cruz tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), dwarf bananas (Musa cavendishii L.) of intermediate ripeness, light green chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw), ripe papaya (Carica papaya L.) or green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.).The treatment control was MS 50 %. The treatments and the control were kept in a growth chamber for seven months before evaluating seedling survival percentage, shoot height, number of leaves, rooting percentage, root number, root length and dry masses of shoot and roots. The highest percentages of seedling survival were obtained using MS 50 %, banana and coconut medium. The seedling survival and rooting percentages illustrate that it is possible to emphasise the culture medium MS 50% and the culture medium supplemented with coconut on the most traditional culture medium with banana or tomato pulp. For the in vitro development of Cattleya bicolor Lindl., a simplified culture medium supplemented with coconut pulp is the most suitable for use as an alternative to MS 50%. A simplified culture medium supplemented with papaya pulp is not recommended for the in vitro development of Cattleya bicolor Lindl. Key words: Alternative culture medium, Cattleya bicolor Lindl., conservation, subculture, coconut ResumoOs frutos apresentam potencial para serem utilizados na elaboração de meios de cultivo para facilitar a produção de orquídeas em pequenas propriedades, contribuindo para a rentabilidade do cultivo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar o crescimento in vitro de Cattleya bicolor Lindl. cultivada em meio de cultivo simplificado e suplementado com polpa de diferentes frutos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito plântulas por repetição e 10 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 80 mudas por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram o incremento de 150 g L-1 de polpa sem casca ou semente de Solanum lycopersicum L. maduro, Musa cavendishii L. entre verde e maduro, Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., Carica papaya L. maduro ou Cocos nucifera L. verde e o tratamento controle foi o MS 50 %. Os frascos foram mantidos em câmara de crescimento por sete

As an additive in in vitro culture media, fruits have a great potential for facilitating economical orchid production because of lower technology requirements and the ease of obtaining raw materials to formulate culture media. We studied the in vitro growth of Cattleya bicolor Lindl. grown in a simplified culture medium supplemented with different kinds of fruit pulp. The experimental design was completely randomised, with eight seedlings per replication and ten replications per treatment, for a total of 80 seedlings per treatment. The culture medium was made using 150 g L -1 of pulp (without peel or seed) from the following fruits: ripe Santa Cruz tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), dwarf bananas (Musa cavendishii L.) of intermediate ripeness, light green chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw), ripe papaya (Carica papaya L.) or green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.).The treatment control was MS 50 %. The treatments and the control were kept in a growth chamber for seven months before evaluating seedling survival percentage, shoot height, number of leaves, rooting percentage, root number, root length and dry masses of shoot and roots. The highest percentages of seedling survival were obtained using MS 50 %, banana and coconut medium. The seedling survival and rooting percentages illustrate that it is possible to emphasise the culture medium MS 50% and the culture medium supplemented with coconut on the most traditional culture medium with banana or tomato pulp. For the in vitro development of Cattleya bicolor Lindl., a simplified culture medium supplemented with coconut pulp is the most suitable for use as an alternative to MS 50%. A simplified culture medium supplemented with papaya pulp is not recommended for the in vitro development of Cattleya bicolor Lindl. Key words: Alternative culture medium, Cattleya bicolor Lindl., conservation, subculture, coconut ResumoOs frutos apresentam potencial para serem utilizados na elaboração de meios de cultivo para facilitar a produção de orquídeas em pequenas propriedades, contribuindo para a rentabilidade do cultivo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar o crescimento in vitro de Cattleya bicolor Lindl. cultivada em meio de cultivo simplificado e suplementado com polpa de diferentes frutos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito plântulas por repetição e 10 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 80 mudas por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram o incremento de 150 g L-1 de polpa sem casca ou semente de Solanum lycopersicum L. maduro, Musa cavendishii L. entre verde e maduro, Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., Carica papaya L. maduro ou Cocos nucifera L. verde e o tratamento controle foi o MS 50 %. Os frascos foram mantidos em câmara de crescimento por sete

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We give an example of a conjugacy separable, but not subgroup separable group. It is an adaptation of an example of Tavgen and the third author from [Closed orbits and finite approximability with respect to conjugacy of free amalgamated products, Math. Notes58 (1995) 1042–1048] to a theorem of Raptis [On finiteness conditions of certain graphs of groups, Internat. J. Algebra Comput.5 (1995) 719–724].