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Microfracture treatment was observed to enhance the healing response. The implantation of a cell-seeded matrix further improved the outcome. The implantation of a collagen matrix alone did not enhance repair. Autologous cell implantation appears to be a very important aspect of the tissue engineering approach to cartilage defects.

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Photocurable vinyl esters have recently been introduced as suitable alternatives to (meth)acrylates in biomedical applications. While (meth)acrylates exhibit good mechanical properties, their cytotoxicity and degradation products principally disqualify them from medical use. Vinyl esters exhibit much lower cytotoxicity and give biocompatible degradation products, but their disadvantage are relatively low mechanical properties, particularly brittleness. This study focuses on the identification of suitable functional groups that are capable of introducing enhanced impact strength into the vinyl ester network, for example, cyclic structures or urethane groups. A new pathway for the synthesis of vinyl esters carrying these groups was established and resulting monomers were tested regarding their photoreactivity and cytotoxicity. Mechanical properties and degradation behavior of the new materials were investigated as well. In addition, the thiol-ene reaction was utilized to enhance photoreactivity and tune hydrolytical degradation. The new vinyl esters exhibit excellent biocompatibility and good photoreactivity that can be significantly enhanced with thiols on to the level of highly photoreactive acrylates. Ultimately, the impact strength was improved by a factor of more than ten compared to commercial vinyl esters.

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