The focus of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy of several commonly utilized anesthetic techniques for reducing pain during the placement of mini-implants. An electronic search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline Complete, Cochrane, Trials Central, and Clinical Trials, without limitations on year of publication or language. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) were considered. Two reviewers of articles independently evaluated the results of the study, and the risk of bias of included articles was evaluated according to the Cochrane Scale. Five eligible articles (3 RCTs and 2 CCTs) were included. The quality of the body of evidence was considered low because of the presence of multiple methodological problems, high risks of bias, and heterogeneity in the articles included. There was evidence that the efficacy of the analgesia of infiltrative anesthesia was most effective in promoting a lower perception of pain compared to the other anesthetic agents, although an injection was required. Among topical anesthetics, compound topical anesthetics with 20% lidocaine were more effective than compound topical anesthetics with low lidocaine concentration and conventional topical anesthetic with 20% benzocaine.

As the level of governance closest to the city dwellers, local authorities have been called to play a protagonist role as implementers of global standards on human rights and sustainable development. The New Urban Agenda, a political declaration signed by all UN Member States, sets a human rights-based approach to policy-making and service delivery as a path towards inclusive and sustainable urban development. Remarkably, the document acknowledges that local authorities are responsible for protecting, respecting, fulfilling, and promoting the human rights of the inhabitants. However, gaps between the aspiring language of international commitments and their concrete impact on the ground have limited its potential to transform people’s lives. Nevertheless, all over the world human rights cities have pro-actively set the implementation of human rights as a core task in the municipality. By establishing practical links and synergies between human rights cities and the NUA, this paper suggests ways of filling implementation gaps, drawing a promising scenario for the realisation of both global and local agendas.

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