Studies of internationalisation have largely overlooked developing countries with high levels of legitimate informal entrepreneurship. Consequently, this article analyses the internationalisation of Informal African Firms (IAFs) from a network perspective. We undertook in-depth case studies of 14 informal smaller firms in two major enterprise clusters in Ghana. Our findings show that half transacted business in five to seven foreign markets, and more than half sold abroad within three years of inception. The study illustrates the different network ties that influence passive and active internationalisation strategies with evidence that these IAFs developed buyer networks through customer referrals and foreign customer walk-ins to the firm. Overall, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the triggers that initiate international business activities by IAFs so contribute to current theorising noting implications for management practices and policymaking on this important but hitherto, under-explored issue.

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The subject of our communication will be a better understanding of how the regulation between the on line HR designers and HR experts is built, and to know about the consequences on the HR intranet’s enrichment and the HR reengineering. The author’s communication will articulate in two parts. Firstly, she will come back on the e-HR concept in a way to enrich the definition proposed above by a systematic approach. Secondly, individuals will see how this model, mentioned in all the speeches, meets the logic of the different actors and how the differences between them could be managed; which raises an issue to resolve.

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche-intervention portant sur l’intégration d’un serious game (SG) en management de projet dans un cursus universitaire à partir des perceptions des étudiants. Deux points sont traités : la comparaison entre le travail fourni dans un cours traditionnel et celui dans le SG et le rapport avec le corps enseignant. Notre recherche confirme les résultats d’études antérieures et montre que les étudiants perçoivent le travail fourni pendant le SG comme plus actif, leur permettant de sortir des routines de travail. Le sentiment d’une évolution significative du rapport avec le corps enseignant est constaté. Nos travaux montrent que le dispositif pédagogique bi-dimensionnel (en ligne et en présentiel) créé a permis aux étudiants de découvrir la complexité de la matière enseignée.

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