The use of first-principles DFT calculations to interpret solid-state 89Y MAS NMR spectra of Y2Ti2-x Sn x O7 pyrochlores, materials with applications for the encapsulation of actinide-bearing radioactive waste, is investigated. Although NMR is a sensitive probe of local structure, which does not rely on the presence of long-range order, spectra of disordered materials are often complex and difficult to interpret. We show how calculations can be used alongside experiment to confirm that Y occupies only the eight-coordinate pyrochlore A site in these materials and that the 89Y isotropic chemical shift is primarily affected by the number of Sn/Ti on the neighboring B sites. Small changes in local geometry and more distant B-site cation substitutions are shown to have a smaller effect on the chemical shift, and will result in broadening, shoulders, and small splittings in the NMR spectrum. In general, the results confirm the validity of the assumptions made in the previous spectral analysis, although in a very small minority of cases, chemical shifts are calculated which lie outside the expected ranges. However, these are shown to result from significant deviations in local geometry (O−Y−O bond angles and Y−O bond distances) and are thought to arise from the periodicity (and, therefore, long-range order) which is imposed in the calculations. Using our calculated results we can confirm that there is a random distribution of Sn/Ti on the six-coordinated pyrochlore B sites in Y2Ti2-x Sn x O7, and also demonstrate that an equilibrium structure has been achieved by studying materials which have been annealed for different durations.

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A combination of (89)Y and (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations are used to investigate phase evolution, local structure and disorder in Y2Zr2-xSnxO7 ceramics, where a phase change is predicted, from pyrochlore to defect fluorite, with increasing Zr content. The ability of NMR to effectively probe materials that exhibit positional and compositional disorder provides insight into the atomic-scale structure in both ordered and disordered phases and, by exploiting the quantitative nature of the technique, we are able to determine detailed information on the composition of the phase(s) present and the average coordination number (and next-nearest neighbour environment) of the cations. In contrast to previous studies, a more complex picture of the phase variation with composition emerges, with single-phase pyrochlore found only for the Sn end member, and a single defect fluorite phase only for x = 0 to 0.6. A broad two-phase region is observed, from x = 1.8 to 0.8, but the two phases present have very different composition, with a maximum of 13% Zr incorporated into the pyrochlore phase, whereas the composition of the defect fluorite phase varies throughout. Preferential ordering of the anion vacancies in the defect fluorite phase is observed, with Sn only ever found in a six-coordinate environment, while remaining vacancies are shown to be more likely to be associated with Zr than Y. Our findings are then discussed in the light of those from previous studies, many of which utilize diffraction-based approaches, where, in most cases, a single phase of fixed composition has been assumed for the refinement procedure. The significant and surprising differences encountered demonstrate the need for complementary approaches to be considered for a detailed and accurate picture of both the long- and short-range structure of a solid to be achieved.