Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease. It accounts for 50-80% of cases of hyperthyroidism. Antibodies against the TSH receptor (TRAb) are responsible for hyperthyroidism (TRAB). The key role in monitoring and diagnosis of Graves' disease plays the level of hormones of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Helpful is an ultrasound of the thyroid scintigraphy which due to its functional character is both a valuable addition to morphological studies as well as plays an important role in the diagnosis and therapy in patients with Graves' disease. There is no perfect treatment for Graves' disease. The reason for this is the lack of therapy directed against primary pathogenic mechanisms. Currently available treatments need to be thoroughly discussed during the first visit as the patient's understanding of the choice of a treatment constitutes a vital role in the success of therapy. Graves' disease treatment is based on three types of therapies that have been carried out for decades including: pharmacological treatment anti-thyroid drugs, I131 therapy and radical treatment - thyroidectomy. The purpose of the treatment is to control symptoms and patient to return to euthyreosis. Treatment of Graves' disease is of great importance because if left untreated, it can lead to long-term harmful effects on the heart, bone and mental well-being of patients.

Introduction Autoimmune reactions in Graves' disease (GD) occur not only in the thyroid gland, but also in the orbital connective tissue, eyelids, extraocular muscles. The occurrence of orbitopathy in the course of GD is influenced by environmental factors, e.g. cigarette smoking. Objectives The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of cigarette smoking on the efficacy of activity of radioiodine(131I) therapy in patients with GD. We also studied the influence of cigarette smoking and the efficacy of prednisone prophylaxis on the risk of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) development after radioiodine therapy (RIT) during two years of follow-up. Patients and methods Medical records of hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine had been included.

Introduction. All over the world the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, has already begun. Very quick development and testing of medicinal preparations with such a high efficiency (94-95%), which can be administered to adult patients for mass immunization, makes this fight possible. The production and delivery of a huge number of vaccines remains a challenge, but an undoubtedly important aspect is the safe and compliant administration of medicinal preparations. People currently authorized to administer COVID-19 vaccines are doctors, paramedics, nurses, midwives, and school hygienists. However, there is a lot of conflicting information on how to administer the COVID-19 vaccine. Should the skin be folded or stretched? To aspire or not?Conclusion. Nurses have administered vaccination since many years, having proper education and experience. Nowadays available vaccines against COVID-19 are administered intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle. The recommendations say that administering of the vaccine must be performed with 90 degrees to the surface of the skin simultaneously stretching the skin with index finger and thumb, without aspiration after injection. This article presents basic information about the vaccine and the algorithm for administering the COVID-19 vaccine developed by the authors.

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