No abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the socio economic development of different regions of Poland and the number and structure of the most frequent crimes committed in them. The study clearly shows that crimes related to corruption and theft are most frequently committed in the richer regions of Poland, while the number of crimes related to damage to property decreased with the level of socio-economic development. Among the analyzed crimes, the highest correlation with macroeconomic variables was observed in the case of theft and corruption crimes; a particularly strong relationship was found between corruption and the level of GDP and wages, and between the number of thefts and the stock of housing and the level of GDP in the regions. Moreover, the structure and number of crimes in the poorest regions of Poland show many similarities, with five of the eight poorest regions in eastern Poland showing a relationship between the number and types of crimes.

** Projekt ten uzyskał finansowanie Europejskiej Rady ds. Badań Naukowych z programu Unii Europejskiej Horyzont 2020 w zakresie badań naukowych i innowacji (numer umowy grantowej: 805498). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 805498).

With the limited initial availability of COVID-19 vaccines in the first months of 2021, decision-makers had to determine the order in which different groups were prioritized. Our aim was to find out what normative approaches to the allocation of scarce preventive resources were embedded in the national COVID-19 vaccination schedules. We systematically reviewed and compared prioritization regulations in 27 members of the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Israel. We differentiated between two types of priority categories: groups that have increased infection fatality rate (IFR) compared to the average for the general population and groups chosen because their members experience increased risk of being infected (ROI). Our findings show a clear trend: all researched schedules prioritized criteria referring to IFR (being over 65 years old and coexisting health conditions) over the ROI criteria (eg occupation and housing conditions). This is surprising since, in the context of treatment, it is common and justifiable to adopt different allocation principles (eg introducing a saving more life-year approach or prioritizing younger patients). We discuss how utilitarian, prioritarian, and egalitarian principles can be applied to interpret normative differences between the allocation of curative and preventive interventions.