Staphyloxanthin is a membrane-bound carotenoid of Staphylococcus aureus. Here we studied the interaction of staphyloxanthin with reactive oxygen substances (ROS) and showed by comparative analysis of the wild type (WT) and an isogenic crtM mutant that the WT is more resistant to hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hypochloride, and neutrophil killing.

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Staphylococcus aureus expression of capsular polysaccharide type 5 (CP5) has been shown to be downregulated by CO 2 . Here we show that CO 2 reduces CP5 expression at the transcriptional level and that CO 2 regulates CP8 expression depending on the genetic background of the strains. Growth in the presence of air supplemented with 5% CO 2 caused a significant decrease in CP8 expression in four S. aureus strains, a marginal effect in four strains, and higher CP8 expression in strain Becker. Absolute CP8 expression in the nine S. aureus strains differed largely from strain to strain. Four groups of strains were established due to sequence variations in the promoter region of cap5 and cap8. To test whether these sequence variations are responsible for the different responses to CO 2 , promoter regions from selected strains were fused to the reporter gene xylE in pLC4, and the plasmids were electrotransformed into strains Becker and Newman. XylE activity was negatively regulated by CO 2 in all derivatives of strain Newman and was always positively regulated by CO 2 in all derivatives of strain Becker. Differences in promoter sequences did not influence the pattern of CP8 expression. Therefore, the genetic background of the strains rather than differences in the promoter sequence determines the CO 2 response. trans-acting regulatory molecules may be differentially expressed in strain Becker versus strain Newman. The strain dependency of the CP8 expression established in vitro was also seen in lung tissue sections of patients with cystic fibrosis infected with CP8-positive S. aureus strains.Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen which causes a number of serious human diseases, such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, skin abcesses, and chronic endobronchial infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (15,20). Several extracellular and cell surface-bound components act as virulence factors in S. aureus, including capsular polysaccharides (CPs) (23, 30). Although S. aureus strains can produce 11 serologically distinct CPs (16,29), the majority of clinical isolates of this pathogen have been described as CP5 or CP8 positive (1,3,4,14). Previously, however, we showed that S. aureus strains producing CP5 (12) or CP8 (22) in vitro lack these polysaccharides when directly examined by immunofluorescence microscopy of thin airway sections from CF patients. CP5 was reexpressed when the isolates were grown under normal air conditions, whereas the addition of 1% CO 2 rendered the strains CP5 negative. Since the mean value of the inspiratory and expiratory CO 2 in the bronchioli is about 4% (11), CP5 expression in vivo may be inhibited due to the elevated pCO 2 compared to the pCO 2 in normal air (0.03%). In contrast to the negative effect of CO 2 on CP5 expression, it was previously shown that ␣-and ␤-hemolysin expression, as well as expression of S. aureus toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (17), is increased in the presence of elevated CO 2 concentrations (6,7,24).CO 2 also regulates the expression of surface components in other bacteri...

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