Staphyloxanthin Plays a Role in the Fitness of
            <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
            and Its Ability To Cope with Oxidative Stress

Clauditz, Alexandra; Resch, Alexandra; Wieland, Karsten-Peter; Peschel, Andreas; Götz, Friedrich

doi:10.1128/iai.00204-06

Cited by 446 publications

(377 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that pigmented bacteria, such as S. aureus and certain strains of enterococci, are less susceptible to photostress and oxidative stress due to the pigments' ability to quench ROS (4,18,42). It is thus somewhat surprising that the pigmented S. aureus k 1 value is larger than the k value for nonpigmented E. faecalis under oxic conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…Alternatively, we hypothesize that the lack of membrane damage observed here may instead be due to the ROS-quenching ability of staphyloxanthin in the S. aureus cell membrane. Possibly, in the oxic system, ROS cause internal cellular damage rendering cells unculturable but are unable to significantly damage cellular membranes due to the presence of membrane-bound carotenoid pigments that quench any ROS generated near the cell membrane (42,47). In contrast, in the anoxic system, ROS production is reduced and sunlight energy may more significantly target the cell membrane (see Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possibly, this increased sensitivity to oxygen-independent photoinactivation allowed for a compounding effect in the oxic system, keeping the ROS-quenching ability of the carotenoid from adequately protecting the cells. However, it should also be noted that the S. aureus carotenoid would only be expected to protect the cell from oxidative stress if ROS were generated near the cell membrane, where the carotenoid is located (42). Previous studies have demonstrated the protective effect of the S. aureus carotenoid against oxidizers like hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) (42) and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) (47), but in these studies, ROS were generated exogenous to the cell.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…aureus has a membrane-bound carotenoid pigment called staphyloxanthin (41), which accumulates in S. aureus cells as they age. The carotenoid protects S. aureus from oxidative stress by scavenging radicals (42). Staphyloxanthin may also provide resistance to other stresses like desiccation and light exposure (43,44).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S. aureus was chosen due to its human health relevance (30), persistent detection in recreational waters (33), and production of carotenoid pigments that may protect against photostress (42). Photoinactivation of S. aureus was considered in both oxic and anoxic systems to differentiate between the effects of oxygen-mediated and oxygenindependent photoinactivation mechanisms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Staphylococcus aureus Strain Newman Photoinactivation and Cellular Response to Sunlight Exposure

McClary

Sassoubre

Boehm

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Sunlight influences microbial water quality of surface waters. Previous studies have investigated photoinactivation mechanisms and cellular photostress responses of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including Escherichia coli and enterococci, but further work is needed to characterize photostress responses of bacterial pathogens. Here we investigate the photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus (strain Newman), a pigmented, waterborne pathogen of emerging concern. We measured photodecay using standard culture-based assays and cellular membrane integrity and investigated photostress response by measuring the relative number of mRNA transcripts of select oxidative stress, DNA repair, and metabolism genes. Photoinactivation experiments were performed in both oxic and anoxic systems to further investigate the role of oxygen-mediated and non-oxygen-mediated photoinactivation mechanisms. S. aureus lost culturability much faster in oxic systems than in anoxic systems, indicating an important role for oxygen in photodecay mechanisms. S. aureus cell membranes were damaged by sunlight exposure in anoxic systems but not in oxic systems, as measured by cell membrane permeability to propidium iodide. After sunlight exposure, S. aureus increased expression of a gene coding for methionine sulfoxide reductase after 12 h of sunlight exposure in the oxic system and after 6 h of sunlight exposure in the anoxic system, suggesting that methionine sulfoxide reductase is an important enzyme for defense against both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent photostresses. This research highlights the importance of oxygen in bacterial photoinactivation in environmentally relevant systems and the complexity of the bacterial photostress response with respect to cell structure and transcriptional regulation.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that causes gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin infections. In severe cases, S. aureus infection can lead to life-threatening diseases, including pneumonia and sepsis. Cases of communityacquired S. aureus infection have been increasing in recent years, pointing to the importance of considering S. aureus transmission pathways outside the hospital environment. Associations have been observed between recreational water contact and staphylococcal skin infections, suggesting that recreational waters may be an important environmental transmission pathway for S. aureus. However, prediction of human health risk in recreational waters is hindered by incomplete knowledge of pathogen sources, fate, and transport in this environment. This study is an in-depth investigation of the inactivation of a representative strain of S. aureus by sunlight exposure, one of the most important factors controlling the fate of microbial contaminants in clear waters, which will improve our ability to predict water quality changes and human health risk in recreational waters.KEYWORDS Staphylococcus aureus, coastal waters, enterococci, fecal indicator bacteria, photoinactivation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Staphylococcus aureus Strain Newman Photoinactivation and Cellular Response to Sunlight Exposure

McClary

Sassoubre

Boehm

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Composition and immunological significance of the upper respiratory tract microbiota

2016

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The intestinal microbiota is essential for nutrient acquisition, immune development, and exclusion of invading pathogens. The upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota is less well studied and does not appear to abide by many of the paradigms of the gastrointestinal tract. Decades of carriage studies in children have demonstrated that microbe-microbe competition and collusion occurs in the URT. Whether colonization with common pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) alters immune development or susceptibility to respiratory conditions is just beginning to be understood. Herein, we discuss the biogeography of the URT microbiota, the succession and evolution of the microbiota through the life course, and discuss the evidence for microbe-microbe interactions in colonization and infection.

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Natural Dyes—A Way Forward

Panda

Maiti

Madiwale

et al. 2022

Textile Dyes and Pigments

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Staphyloxanthin Plays a Role in the Fitness of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Ability To Cope with Oxidative Stress

Cited by 446 publications

References 19 publications

Staphylococcus aureus Strain Newman Photoinactivation and Cellular Response to Sunlight Exposure

Staphylococcus aureus Strain Newman Photoinactivation and Cellular Response to Sunlight Exposure

Composition and immunological significance of the upper respiratory tract microbiota

Natural Dyes—A Way Forward

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