This paper tries to look at the root cause of low ridership in public transport in the city of Malang, locally known as Angkutan Kota (Angkot), in a kind of non-traditional perspective. The decreasing interest of the people of Malang City towards the use of public transport was presumed partly due to the transportation tax and retribution policies that are somewhat not too restrictive. This study explains that 80% of people in Malang City consider the amount of Motor Vehicle Tax (PKB) is cheap and reasonable which is believed to drive people away from utilizing Angkot. On the other hand, surprisingly, parking fees for motorized vehicles for most people are considered quite burdensome. Thus, this study suggests that in addition to the need to improve the quality of public transport services, adjusting the amount of tax and the cost of parking for motorized vehicles in the city of Malang needs to be reconsidered to increase the interest of the people of Malang in using public transport.

Abstrak: Sebuah Perspektif Kritis terhadap Agency Theory. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan sifat, fungsi, peran dan kritik terhadap teori keagenan. Metode kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Keagenan didefinisikan sebagai proses di mana aktor secara rasional melakukan dengan intensi, rencana dan manajemen yang efektif untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Selain itu, teori keagenan mendiskusikan masalah ketika ada perbedaan antara kepentingan dan tujuan individu dengan orang lain. Jika pemilik memperoleh kuasa yang tinggi dan kemampuan untuk memerintah agen mereka, maka agen harus melaksanakan kegiatan berdasarkan kepentingan pemilik untuk memaksimalkan kekayaan mereka sendiri. Abstract: A Critical Perspective towards Agency Theory. The aim of this research is explaining the nature, function, role and critics towards agency theory.Qualitative method was employed in this research. Agency is defined as a process of rational actors to conduct intentionally an effective plan and management to achieve specific goal. In addition, the agency theory discusses problem when there is a discrepancy between interests and goals of individual with others. If the principal gains high power and capability to order their agents, then agents must conduct activities based on the principals' interest to maximize their own wealth.

Kebijakan restitusi Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN) turis asing adalah salah satu kebijakan fiskal yang dilakukan Pemerintah untuk membantu peningkatan usaha Pariwisata di Indonesia. Diharapkan dengan kebijakan tersebut dapat meningkatkan jumlah turis asing dan membantu meningkatkan perekonomian di Indonesia. Dalam pelaksanaan nyata di lapangan masih sedikit turis asing yang memanfaatkan kebijakan tersebut. Hal tersebut dikarenakan banyak turis asing yang belum memiliki pengetahuan tentang kebijakan restitusi PPN turis asing serta sikap turis asing yang menyikapi kebijakan dinilai kurang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap pemanfaatan kebijakan restitusi Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN) Turis Asing di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengambil studi pada turis asing di Bandara I Gusti Ngurah Rai, Bali. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksplanatori dengan pendekatan kuantitatif melalui pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis statistik desktiptif, analisis asumsi klasik, analisis regresi linear berganda dan uji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan Pengetahuan (X1) dan Sikap (X2) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pemanfaatan kebijakan restitusi PPN Turis Asing di Indonesia (Y). Sedangkan secara parsial Pengetahuan (X1) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pemanfaatan kebijakan restitusi Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN) turis asing di Indonesia, namun variabel Sikap (X2) tidak mempunyai pengaruh signifikan secara parsial terhadap pemanfaatan kebijakan restitusi Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN) turis asing di Indonesia.

Improving the formation of tax administration capacity is indispensable since it may lead to the potentially unstable tax ratio in Indonesia in the next few years. The delivery of information to the taxpayer becomes essential in revamping the tax administration. In the area studied in Malang city, information asymmetry (imbalance) occurs for taxpayers of Individual Income Tax on MSMEs. There are four subdistricts and four types of businesses of 226 businesses but the tax compliance in the Malang city merely reaches 88%. Thus, it is necessary to identify the problems of socialization and the use of media that has been carried out and provide suggestions that can be utilized by the Regional Office of DJP East Java III using social media approach through segmentation and socialization for target participants of individual income tax MSMEs in Malang City based on Government Regulation No. 46. Research findings revealed the importance of using more advanced technology in tax dissemination. In addition, there is also a need for synergy between the community and government in order to achieve the success of technological media based tax socialization for creating more effective form of communication by considering tax sector as one of the main sectors supporting national economy.

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