Osgood-Schlatter disease is a common cause of knee pain in children and adolescents, particularly in those who participate in sports. Repetitive force during athletic activities, along with changes that happen during a growth spurt, result in the development of traction apophysitis. Because of its typical presentation, the diagnosis is usually made clinically. The disorder generally resolves with skeletal maturity, and most patients respond to conservative therapy. Surgery can be considered in recalcitrant cases. Several approaches of surgical intervention have been proposed; each approach has its advantages and disadvantages.

<p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) dapat mengakibatkan defisit motorik, sensorik, dan autonom yang substansial, bahkan permanen. Saat spinal cord mengalami trauma, trauma awal akan menyebabkan kerusakan langsung; seiring waktu, proses inflamasi akut ditambah astrogliosis berkontribusi terhadap cedera sekunder. Berbagai modalitas evaluasi dan terapi SCI masih belum sepenuhnya berhasil memperbaiki fungsi neurologis. Hal ini diduga akibat<br />kompleksitas patofisiologi SCI.</p><p> </p><p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause substantial motor, sensory, and autonomic deficits or even permanent loss of neurological function. The initial trauma causes direct damage to the spinal cord; the acute inflammatory process coupled with astrogliosis contributes to secondary injury. Various evaluation and treatment modalities for SCI are still mostly unsuccessful in improving neurological function. This is may be due to the complexity of the pathophysiology<br />of SCI.</p>

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Introduction: Femoral-epiphyseal acetabular roof (FEAR) index is a recently introduced tool. It was proposed to be able to identify instability of the hip. Moreover, its use has been studied for predicting the outcome of surgery. Objective: We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the implication of FEAR index. Methods: A systematic computerised database search (Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and ClinicalKey) was performed until July 31st 2022 for articles related to FEAR index. Results: Eleven studies were included in this systematic review. The FEAR index showed a very good interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (range: 0.778-0.99). Five studies (553 hips) assessed the use of FEAR index for hip instability. All studies indicated that the FEAR index was associated with hip instability despite differences in diagnosis (three borderline dysplastic hip, one femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), one developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH)). Five other studies involving a total of 686 hips evaluated the relation of FEAR index and surgery outcome in borderline instability. Three studies demonstrated a significant relationship of FEAR index and surgery success, with two studies suggested combination of FEAR index with AWI and/or PWI and one study proposed the use of ≥4˚ as the cut-off value for predictor of failed surgery. Two remaining studies that dichotomised PENG block by the value of 2˚ failed to show a significant relationship between FEAR index and success of surgery. In addition, two studies reported that FEAR index was able to differentiate FAI from DDH and two others discovered that FEAR index was significantly different in types of received surgery. Conclusion: The FEAR index is a relatively new index and only few studies have been conducted. This index may become a useful tool; however, further studies with high-quality design are needed to confirm its utilities and determine cut-off values accordingly.

Introduction: Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block is a recently introduced pain control method indicated for hip fracture. Anterior capsule is the most abundantly innervated site of the joint. Therefore, unlike the common performed peripheral block, PENG block was proposed to provide a complete analgesia. Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of PENG block in hip fracture surgery and hip arthroplasty. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ClinicalKey databases until July 31st 2022 with the following keyword: “pericapsular nerve group block”. Results: Nine studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis. Compared to most commonly performed peripheral nerve blocks (femoral nerve block (FNB) or fascia iliac compartment block (FICB)), the PENG block seemed to offer better pain control (three studies reported better post-operative pain score (VAS) and one showed immediate pain improvement at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after block). The PENG block also increased the period of analgesic-free window and lowered the amount of opioid use. Mobility and length of stay were reported superior in PENG block. A study comparing PENG block with periarticular infiltration also reported lower cumulative opioid consumption, although it is not significant. In one study, PENG block was compared with no block and resulted in significantly better post-operative pain, lesser opioid dose, longer time to first opioid need, and better mobility. If not fewer, adverse events were comparable in PENG block than other techniques. Conclusion: Pericapsular nerve group block appears to have beneficial effects in hip surgery. This analgesic method may provide better outcomes in pain control, use of opioid, mobility, and length of hospital stay. However, future studies are expected to confirm these results.