No abstract

Protein phosphorylation plays a fundamental role in most of the cellular regulatory pathways. Experimental identification of protein kinases' (PKs) substrates with their phosphorylation sites is labor-intensive and often limited by the availability and optimization of enzymatic reactions. Recently, large-scale analysis of the phosphoproteome by the mass spectrometry (MS) has become a popular approach. But experimentally, it is still difficult to distinguish the kinase-specific sites on the substrates. In this regard, the in silico prediction of phosphorylation sites with their specific kinases using protein's primary sequences may provide guidelines for further experimental consideration and interpretation of MS phosphoproteomic data. A variety of such tools exists over the Internet and provides the predictions for at most 30 PK subfamilies. We downloaded the verified phosphorylation sites from the public databases and curated the literature extensively for recently found phosphorylation sites. With the hypothesis that PKs in the same subfamily share similar consensus sequences/motifs/functional patterns on substrates, we clustered the 216 unique PKs in 71 PK groups, according to the BLAST results and protein annotations. Then, we applied the group-based phosphorylation scoring (GPS) method on the data set; here, we present a comprehensive PK-specific prediction server GPS, which could predict kinase-specific phosphorylation sites from protein primary sequences for 71 different PK groups. GPS has been implemented in PHP and is available on a www server at .

Cultural conditions for maximum Alpha-Amylase production by Penicillium notatum IBGE 03 using shaken flask technique of submerged fermentation. AbstractEver increasing biotechnological industries require an enlarged survey of microorganisms which might be useful for industries. In the present work optimization parameters for alpha amylase production by Penicillium notatum IBGE 03 in submerged fermentation were studied. Various agricultural based by-products (sunflower waste, cotton stalk, rice husk, date syrup and molasses) were used as sources of carbon. Optimal conditions for the production of α-amylase (6.58 U/mL) by P. notatum IBGE 03 were observed when the strain was grown on culture medium M1 containing corn steep liquor as a source of nitrogen, molasses as a source of carbon after 48 h of incubation at 30° C, initial pH 5.5, inoculum size of 5x10 6 conidia in 50 mL of culture medium and agitation rate of 150 rev/min. The strain was proved thermo (up to 60° C) and pH (up to 9.0) stable so it might be a potential strain for industrial utilization.

The modern biotechnological set up has motivated the need of enlarged survey of microorganisms which could be utilised in the extreme conditions of industries. In this work optimization parameters in submerged fermentation were studied for the production of Invertase from Aspergillus niger IBGE 01 using agricultural wastes (sunflower waste, cotton stalk and rice husk) as well as agro industrial wastes(date syrup and molasses) as sources of carbon. Effects of incubation time period (24-240 h), various cultural media (CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4 and CM5) sources of nitrogen (Corn steep, Casein, Potassium Nitrate Albumin Ammonium Sulphate Urea and Yeast Extract), pH (4.0-9.0), temperatures (30-70° C), inoculum size (4x10 6-8x10 6 conidia/mL) and agitation rate (50-300 rev/min) were also investigated for maximum invertase production. Optimal conditions for the production of invertase (8.23 U/mL) by Aspergillus niger IBGE 01 were observed when the strain was grown on culture medium CM1 containing yeast extract as a source of nitrogen, molasses as a source of carbon after 72 h of incubation at 40° C, initial pH 6.0, inoculum size of 5x10 6 conidia in 50 mL of culture medium and agitation rate of 150 rev/min. The strain was proved pH (up to 9) and thermo stable (up to 60° C) therefore can be used in industries for invertase production.

Cotton fabric samples were treated with copper acetate mordant, in addition to green synthesized copper nanoparticles extracted from the Conocarpus erectus leaves, with two different concentrations of 10% and 20%, respectively. Two dyeing techniques, continuous dyeing and exhaust dyeing, were employed. X-ray diffraction confirmed the synthesis of copper nanoparticles with an approximate size of 30 nm. Scanning electron microscopy showed copper nanocrystals with a size range of 30–70 nm. The tensile strength showed an approximately 60% rise in the warp direction and an approximately 20% rise in the weft direction for both continuous and exhaust dyeing techniques. The color strength (ratio of absorption co-efficient (K) and scattering coefficient (S); K/S) showed an improvement of 100% and 20% for the exhaust and continuous dyeing techniques, respectively. Both the dyeing techniques showed a rising trend in color fastness to wash and color fastness to rubbing with an increment up to grade 5. The light fastness showed an improvement up to grade 6 for both the techniques. Fastness to rubbing showed an increment from 1 to 5 for both techniques.