Sustainable agriculture implies the use of biological resources. Farmyard manuring (FYM) and ploughing in plant residues have an important role in maintaining soil fertility. Our aim was to study the effect of various combinations of organic and mineral N-fertilizers on the C org content of the soil, grain yield, dry matter production, and N uptake of barley. A model pot experiment was set up with spring barley. Large pots were filled with 46 kg sandy loam soil originating from the plots of the "International Long-term Experiments for Investigating the Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilisers," Keszthely, Hungary. The field experiment, which was set up in 1983, contains three crop rotations with winter wheat, winter barley, and maize. Treatments: 1) inorganic fertilizers only with increasing N doses (N); 2) FYM in every 3rd yr þ N; 3) stalk, straw, or green manure þ N. Yield results gained in the field experiment with winter barley were also evaluated. In the 18th yr of the experiment, FYM þ N resulted in significantly higher C org content than with treatments 1 and 3. Grain yields in the field trial were the lowest in treatments without organic matter recycling. In the pot experiment, dry matter production and N uptake of the grains and vegetative plant parts were significantly higher in treatments with FYM þ N. Our results clearly prove the advantage of FYM combined with mineral fertilization over the other treatments.

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The long-term effect of N and P fertilisation on the grain yield, yield components and quality parameters of winter wheat was studied for different sites in the National Long-term Fertilisation Trials in Hungary. This network of small-plot fertilisation experiments has been maintained since 1967 in nine different agro-ecological regions of the country. Increasing P and N doses had a considerable effect on the grain yield, yield components and quality parameters of winter wheat according to the results evaluated in the first 20-year average of the experiments. However, these effects differed depending on the agro-ecological conditions of the sites. Yield increases could be detected at lower fertiliser doses, and improvement in quality parameters at higher rates.