Objectives:The research purpose was to analyze data concerning chemical incidents in Poland collected in 1999Poland collected in -2009 in terms of health hazards. Material and Methods: The data was obtained, using multimodal information technology (IT) system, from chemical incidents reports prepared by rescuers at the scene. The final analysis covered sudden events associated with uncontrolled release of hazardous chemical substances or mixtures, which may potentially lead to human exposure. Releases of unidentified substances where emergency services took action to protect human health or environment were also included. Results: The number of analyzed chemical incidents in 1999-2009 was 2930 with more than 200 different substances released. The substances were classified into 13 groups of substances and mixtures posing analogous risks. Most common releases were connected with non-flammable corrosive liquids, including: hydrochloric acid (199 cases), sulfuric(VI) acid (131 cases), sodium and potassium hydroxides (69 cases), ammonia solution (52 cases) and butyric acid (32 cases). The next group were gases hazardous only due to physico-chemical properties, including: extremely flammable propane-butane (249 cases) and methane (79 cases). There was no statistically significant trend associated with the total number of incidents. Only with the number of incidents with flammable corrosive, toxic and/or harmful liquids, the regression analysis revealed a statistically significant downward trend. The number of victims reported was 1997, including 1092 children and 18 fatalities. Conclusions: The number of people injured, number of incidents and the high 9th place of Poland in terms of the number of Seveso establishments, and 4 times higher number of hazardous industrial establishments not covered by the Seveso Directive justify the need for systematic analysis of hazards and their proper identification. It is advisable enhance health risk assessment, both qualitative and quantitative, by slight modification of the data collection system so as to enable the determination of released chemical concentration and exposed populations. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(1):95-110

Objectives: Night shift work involving circadian rhythm disruption has been classified by IARC as a probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Little is known about co-exposures of the night shift work in occupational settings. The aim of our study was to characterize night shift work systems and industrial exposures occurring in the manufacturing plants in Łódź, Poland, where night shift work system operates, with particular focus on potential carcinogens. Material and Methods: Data on the night shift work systems and hazardous agents were collected through survey performed in 44 enterprises. The identified hazardous agents were checked using the IARC carcinogen list, and the harmonized EU classification of chemical substances. We also examined databases of the Central Register of Data on exposure to substances, preparations, agents and technological processes showing carcinogenic or mutagenic properties in Poland. Results: The most common system of work among studied enterprises employed 3 (8-hour) shifts within a 5-day cycle. We identified as many as 153 hazards occurring in the environment of the plants, with noise, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde recorded as the most common ones. Out of these hazards, 11 agents have been classified by IARC to group 1 -carcinogenic to humans, whereas 10 agents have been classified as carcinogens by the regulation of European Classification of carcinogens. Analysis of the data from the Central Register revealed that 6 plants reported presence of carcinogens in the environment of work. Conclusions: In our study we observed that in none of the workplaces the night shift work was a single exposure. Further epidemiological studies focusing on investigation of health effects of the night shift work should identify occupational co-exposures and examine them as potential confounders.

StreszczenieW publikacji przeanalizowano obowiązki pracodawców w zakresie oceny narażenia zawodowego na cytostatyki w miejscu pracy w świetle obowiązujących regulacji prawnych. Leki cytostatyczne mogą stanowić zagrożenie dla zdrowia i życia pracowników sprawujących opiekę nad chorym onkologicznym (tj. farmaceutów, lekarzy, pielęgniarek i pozostałego personelu pomocniczego) oraz pracowników lecznic weterynaryjnych. Dużą skalę narażenia zawodowego na cytostatyki w Polsce potwierdzają dane gromadzone w Centralnym Rejestrze Danych o Narażeniu na Substancje Chemiczne, Ich Mieszaniny, Czynniki lub Procesy Technologiczne o Działaniu Rakotwórczym lub Mutagennym, prowadzonym przez Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera w Łodzi. Problem oceny ryzyka zawodowego związanego z narażeniem na cytostatyki budzi wiele wątpliwości. Przepisy regulujące w Polsce kwestie ochrony zdrowia pracowników zawodowo narażonych na leki cytostatyczne wywodzą się z różnych obszarów prawa i nie są jednoznaczne ani spójne (szczególnie w kwestii klasyfikacji cytostatyków pod kątem stwarzanych zagrożeń, ich oznakowania i sporządzania dla nich kart charakterystyki). Nie są ustalone prawnie wartości najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń substancji czynnych leków przeciwnowotworowych w środowisku pracy oraz brakuje metod ich monitorowania w strefie oddychania pracownika i w materiale biologicznym. Uniemożliwia to przeprowadzanie prawidłowej oceny narażenia zawodowego, której wyniki są podstawą do podejmowania przez pracodawcę odpowiednich działań profilaktycznych. W pracy omówiono skutki nowelizacji prawa europejskiego w obszarze chemikaliów dla pracodawców, którzy odpowiadają za właściwą ochronę zdrowia i życia pracowników zatrudnionych w narażeniu na leki cytostatyczne. Przedstawiono także propozycje zmian w prawie zmierzające do lepszej ochrony pracowników narażonych na oddziaływanie cytostatyków w środowisku pracy. Med. Pr. 2018;69(1):77-92 Słowa kluczowe: narażenie zawodowe, czynnik rakotwórczy, czynnik mutagenny, zdrowie pracowników, skutki zdrowotne, cytostatyk AbstractThe employers responsibilities for the assessment of occupational exposure to cytostatics in the workplace were analyzed in the light of existing legal regulations. Cytostatics may pose a threat to health and life of workers taking care of patients treated oncologically, i.e., pharmacists, physicians, nurses and other personnel. The significant scale of occupational exposure to cytostatics in Poland is confirmed by the data collected in the Central Register of Data on Exposure to Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Substances, Mixtures, Agents or Technological Processes, maintained by the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland. The issue of occupational risk assessment of exposure to cytostatics gives raise to numerous concerns. Polish regulations concerning health protection of employees occupationally exposed to cytostatics are not unequivocal, as they are derived from different areas of the law, especially those applying to hazard classification, labeling and preparation...

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Cytostatics not only induce significant side-effects in patients treated oncologically but also pose a threat to the health of occupationally exposed healthcare workers: pharmacists, physicians, nurses and other personnel. Since the 1970s numerous reports from various countries have documented the contamination of working areas with cytostatics and the presence of drugs/metabolites in the urine or blood of healthcare employees, which directly indicates the occurrence of occupational exposure to these drugs. In Poland the significant scale of occupational exposure to cytostatics is also confirmed by the data collected in the central register of occupational carcinogens/mutagens kept by the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine. The assessment of occupational exposure to cytostatics and health risks constitutes employers' obligation. Unfortunately, the assessment of occupational risk resulting from exposure to cytostatics raises a number of concerns. Provisions governing the problem of workers' health protection are not unequivocal because they derive from a variety of law areas, especially in a matter of hazard classification and safety data sheets for cytostatics. Moreover, no legally binding occupational exposure limits have been set for cytostatics or their active compounds, and analytical methods for these substances airborne and biological concentrations are lacking. Consequently, the correct assessment of occupational exposure to cytostatics, the evaluation of health hazards and the development of the proper preventive strategy appear difficult. The authors of this article described and discussed the amendments to the European provisions concerning chemicals in the light of employers' obligations in the field of employees' heath protection against the consequences of exposure to cytostatics. Some modifications aimed at a more effective health protection of workers occupationally exposed to cytostatics were also proposed.