Conclusions: the position paper present pragmatic statements for HMN to be implemented in places without existing protocols for SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. They represent the state of knowledge available at the moment and may change should new evidence occurs.
Vitamin D deficiency is a commonly observed global phenomenon, both in the general population and in hospitalized patients, including critically ill patients. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including increased morbidity and mortality in the general population and in critically ill patients. Vitamin D is a fatsoluble vitamin that plays an important role in bone metabolism. However, Vitamin D is also a steroid hormone that exerts multiple pleiotropic effects. Vitamin D regulates immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. There is growing evidence of a close relationship between vitamin D insufficiency and various systemic disorders, i.e., type II diabetes, certain types of cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular morbidities. The purpose of this article is to present the current knowledge on the relationship between vitamin D status and critical illness. Key words: vitamin D, critical illness, intensive care, critically illAnaesthesiology Intensive Therapy 2016, vol. 48, no 3, 201-207 There is mounting evidence of the role of vitamin D in blood serum as a factor determining the course and prognosis of numerous diseases. Knowledge of the molecular basis of vitamin D action, its extraosseous effects and its significant role in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, especially inflammatory diseases, is growing. This paper presents the current state of knowledge regarding vitamin D, particularly its role in critically ill patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs). PRODUCTION AND METABOLISM OF VITAMIN DVitamin D belongs to the group of steroid chemical compounds with the general formula C 28 H 43 OH. The group contains vitamin D1 (a mixture of cholecalciferol and lumisterol occurring in cod liver oil, a compound with a similar structure as vitamin D but without the same activity), vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D2 occurs in plants, whereas vitamin D3 is produced in human and animal skin, mainly in the keratocytes of the proliferative epithelium, mediated by ultraviolet radiation (specifically UVB radiation). The compounds are activated in the liver by hydroxylation to 25-hydroxyderivatives and subsequently in other organs to 1,25-dihydroxyderivatives. The latter conversion occurs primarily in the kidneys and is mediated by parathormone (PTH). Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is an active form of vitamin D3, a substance of hormonal action regulating many organs and tissues. Although the metabolic effects of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are similar, they bind with different types of plasma proteins. As a result, the action of vitamin D3 is longer and 2-10-fold more effective than vitamin D2.Vitamin D3 is one of a few vitamins that the body is able to produce endogenously; therefore, it does not fulfil the definition of a vitamin. Ultraviolet radiation is required for the production of Vitamin D3 in the body, more specifically UVB (wavelength of 280−315 nm), which e...
The use of enteral feeding tubes has become more frequent, both in hospital settings and in home care. The feeding tubes serve not only to deliver nutrients, but also as a route for medication provision. Nonetheless, the pharmaceutical, legal and technical implications of medication delivery via enteral feeding tubes are not widely understood by doctors and nurses. Not only is the type of medication relevant, but also the type of feeding tube. Crushing tablets may have detrimental effects for a patient and a staff member too. Administering a drug via enteral feeding tubes usually falls outside the terms of the licence (off-label), so burdening medical staff with the entire responsibility for potential adverse reactions. Odżywianie się, obok dostarczania przyjemności wynikających ze smaku, koloru, zapachu, samego procesu przygotowywania pokarmu, polega przede wszystkim na umożliwieniu funkcjonowania organizmu w zdrowiu i chorobie. Wraz z przyjmowanym pokarmem dostarczane są niezbędne do życia składniki odżywcze: białka, tłuszcze, węglowodany, witaminy i pierwiastki śladowe, a także woda. Na poziomie komórki i jej metabolizmu wszystkie te substraty są konieczne do powstania energii, jej magazynowania w formie adenozynotrójfosforanu oraz wykorzystania. W warunkach fizjologii przyjmowanie, rozdrabnianie, wchłanianie składników pokarmowych oraz wydalanie nieprzydatnych resztek lub potencjalnie szkodliwych metabolitów należy do funkcji układu pokarmowego pozostającego pod rozbudowanym wpływem układu neuroendokrynnego oraz hormonalnego. W przypadku coraz liczniejszej grupy chorych leczonych zarówno w szpitalach, jak i w warunkach domowych, stosowane jest sztuczne połączenie światła przewodu pokarmowego ze środowiskiem zewnętrznym za pomocą sond odżywczych lub przetok odżywczych. Dostępy takie używane są nie tylko do podaży substancji pokarmowych, ale również do podaży leków. Nie zawsze towarzyszy temu refleksja na temat trudności technicznych i formalnych wynikających ze stosowania substancji bezpośrednio do żołądka lub jelita cienkiego z pominięciem kilku naturalnych pięter układu pokarmowego.Wykorzystując czasowy (sonda odżywcza, żołądkowa czy jelitowa) lub długotrwały (gastrostomia, jejunostomia odżywcza) dostęp do przewodu pokarmowego w celu podawania substancji odżywczych czy leków, należy mieć
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