Identification of the significant areas of visual difficulties and their effects on quality of life is important as it can help better address the patients' rehabilitation needs. The current study identifies the need for orientation and mobility training as well as independent living rehabilitation in patients with HH to help address the difficulties in their vision-specific quality of life and maximize their residual vision.

BackgroundRemote monitoring (RM) is defined as the surveillance of device-transmitted outpatient data. RM is expected to enable better management of chronic diseases. The objective of this research was to identify public policies concerning RM in four European countries.MethodsSearches of the medical literature, the Internet, and Ministry of Health websites for the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Italy, and Spain were performed in order to identify RM policies for chronic diseases, including end stage renal disease (ESRD), chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD), diabetes, heart failure, and hypertension. Searches were first performed in Q1 2014 and updated in Q4 2015. In addition, in depth interviews were conducted with payers/policymakers in each country. Information was obtained on existing policies, disease areas and RM services covered and level of reimbursement, other incentives such as quality indicators, past/current assessments of RM technologies, diseases perceived to benefit most from RM, and concerns about RM.ResultsPolicies on RM and/or telemedicine were identified in all four countries. Pilot projects (mostly in diabetes, COPD, and/or heart failure) existed or were planned in most countries. Perceived value of RM was moderate to high, with the highest rating given for heart failure. Interviewees expressed concerns about sharing of medical information, and the need for capital investment. Patients recently discharged from hospital, and patients living remotely, or with serious and/or complicated diseases, were believed to be the most likely to benefit from RM. Formal reimbursement is scarce, but more commonly available for patients with heart failure.ConclusionsIn the four European countries surveyed, RM has attracted considerable interest for its potential to increase the efficiency of healthcare for chronic diseases. Although rare at this moment, incentives to use RM technology are likely to increase in the near future as the body of evidence of clinical and/or economic benefit grows.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating disease that can occur in early life, progressing to rapid disability and loss of physical, psychosocial and economic functioning, significantly affecting quality of life. The traditional treatment for MS has been symptomatic, treating acute relapses without affecting the underlying disease. The introduction of interferon-beta (IFN beta) has offered significant clinical benefits by reducing the frequency of relapses and slowing disease progression. Although the costs of this treatment are high, the costs to society of caring for a patient disabled by MS are greater, and if IFN beta can delay disease progression in the longer term, the economic impact would be substantial. Previous pharmacoeconomic studies of IFN beta have suggested that benefits can only be achieved at extremely high cost, with reported cost-effectiveness measures of up to 1 million pounds sterling (Pound) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) [1995 values]. However, these studies have considered only the short term benefits of IFN beta treatment: over 2 to 3 years, the impact of treatment on patients' quality of life is relatively small, and cost-utility analyses that do not consider longer term benefits nor include societal costs may be misleading. The model reported here is based on the hypothesis that the delay in disease progression seen in short term clinical trials is likely to continue if treatment is continued. The model also assumes that the delay in disease progression, which represents a reduction in brain atrophy, will result in lasting clinical benefits even if treatment is stopped. These assumptions are strongly supported by clinical trial data and the treatment hypothesis itself. A delay in disease progression will result in a significant improvement in functioning and quality of life, and if the costs associated with increased disability can be postponed, even long term treatment of MS with IFN beta can be shown to be cost effective. Using resource utilisation costs derived from an economic evaluation of MS in the UK, it was possible to calculate the impact of delaying disease progression in terms of both health service and societal costs. An estimate of mean disease progression in patients with MS treated with IFN beta-1a compared with patients who did not receive disease-modifying agents suggested that significant cost savings would be realised after about 12 years' treatment with IFN beta-1a. The application of utility scores to the disease progression curves also facilitated estimates of cost effectiveness, with cost per QALY values ranging from 27,036 Pounds after 2 years' treatment with IFN beta-1a to 37,845 Pounds after 20 years' treatment (1995 values).

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Both exercise and behavior change interventions demonstrate some degree of effectiveness for managing MS fatigue. Effect sizes for exercise and behavior change interventions are similar, although the populations examined are different. Overall, evidence for exercise focuses on people who are less disabled, while evidence for behavior change interventions includes a broader population. Future researchers need to develop and evaluate knowledge translation strategies that facilitate application of evidence in daily practice in order to advance MS rehabilitation.