Even though women today constitute the majority of higher education graduates, they still earn considerably less than their male counterparts. Previous research demonstrates that occupational sex segregation is important for understanding the gender wage gap, since occupations dominated by women pay less; yet less is known about why this is the case. This article explores two possible mechanisms: the devaluation of 'female-typical' work tasks and working-time arrangements. Hypotheses are tested by applying OLS regression and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analyses to the log hourly wages of a representative sample of German higher education graduates from 2001. Results confirm that occupational overtime increases and occupational part-time work decreases wages, indicating that occupations dominated by women pay less due to their 'femaletypical' working-time arrangements. However, inconsistent with the devaluation thesis, tasks like teaching/educating increase wages for women, too, which speaks against a general lower value of 'female-typical' tasks, at least among the highly qualified.

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Stage 8 of the German National Educational Panel Study focuses on the adult working age population in Germany and serves, in many respects, as a capstone for the National Educational Panel Study structure. Its main purpose is to collect data on adult education, on competence endowment and its development over the life course, and on returns to initial and adult education in a life-course perspective. The data includes a large number of theoretically informed determinants of adult education and competencies as well as information on how labor market and non-labor market outcomes are influenced by previous educational participation and 284 J. Allmendinger et al.competencies. With detailed information on learning environments at the workplace and in the household it will be possible to contextualize these determinants. The data allows immediate analyses of the adult population as well as the delivery of long-term perspectives on educational, occupational, and private life courses across various educational stages. Erwachsenenbildung und lebenslanges LernenZusammenfassung: Etappe 8 bildet mit dem Fokus auf die Population von Erwachsenen im erwerbsfähigen Alter in vielerlei Hinsicht den Schlussstein der gesamten Erhebungsstruktur des Nationalen Bildungspanels. Diese Etappe sammelt insbesondere Daten zu formalen, nonformalen und informellen Weiterbildungsaktivitäten, zur Entwicklung von Kompetenzen im Erwachsenenalter und zu monetären und nicht-monetären Bildungserträgen von Erstausbildung und Weiterbildung über den Lebensverlauf. Die Daten beinhalten eine Vielzahl theoretisch abgeleiteter Determinanten zur Erklärung von Weiterbildungsverhalten, von Kompetenzen sowie von spezifischen Erträgen innerhalb und außerhalb des Arbeitsmarktes. Diese Determinanten sowie das Weiterbildungsverhalten, die Kompetenzen und die Bildungserträge selbst können durch zusätzlich erhobene Informationen zu Lernumwelten am Arbeitsplatz und im privaten Haushalt kontextualisiert werden. Die Daten der Etappe 8 ermöglichen durch die retrospektive Erhebung detaillierter Bildungs-, Arbeitsmarkt-und Haushaltsinformationen unmittelbar zahlreiche Analysen über verschiedene Lebensphasen hinweg. Durch den prospektiven Charakter der Panelstudie können darüber hinaus in den kommenden Jahren weitere soziologische, ökono-mische, psychologische und erziehungswissenschaftliche Theorien getestet werden.Schlüsselwörter: Weiterbildung · Lebensverlauf · Kompetenzentwicklung · Arbeitsmarkt · Panelstudie

Zusammenfassung: Warum teilen Paare in manchen Ländern bezahlte Arbeit egalitärer auf als in anderen? Mittels einer Mehrebenenanalyse von Daten der Europäi-schen Arbeitskräfteerhebung und des amerikanischen Current Population Surveys, denen wir Länderinformationen zugespielt haben, untersuchen wir in diesem Artikel, inwiefern Steuer-und Sozialgesetzgebung, nationale Arbeitsmarktcharakteristika und Geschlechternormen Arbeitszeitunterschiede innerhalb von heterosexuellen Paaren beeinflussen. Wir können zeigen, dass die Aufteilung von Erwerbsarbeit zwischen Partnern in den Ländern geringer ausfällt, in denen Einkommen individuell besteuert werden, Kinderbetreuung gut ausgebaut ist, Männer und Frauen ähnliche Stundenlöhne für gleiche Arbeit bekommen und in denen egalitäre Geschlechternormen vorherrschen. Mit diesen Erkenntnissen liefert der Artikel einen wichtigen Beitrag zur aktuellen politischen Diskussion um "Partnerschaftlichkeit" und stärkt unser Verständnis für fortbestehende Geschlechterungleichheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt.Schlüsselwörter: Erwerbsarbeitszeit · Paarebene · Geschlechterungleichheiten · Mehrebenenanalyse · Europa und USA 660 L. Hipp, K. Leuze 1 3 Determinants of working time differences within couples in Europe and the U.S.Abstract: Why do couples in some countries pursue a more equal division of paid labor than in others? To answer this question, we use an exchange framework that simultaneously considers country and household level characteristics to explain working hour differences both within couples and between countries. Our multilevel analyses are based on a unique dataset that links data from the US and Europe with country-level information on public policies, cultural norms, and economic conditions. Our analyses show that working time differences between heterosexual partners are considerably smaller in countries with more progressive gender norms, less wage inequality between men and women, higher childcare coverage, and individualized taxation systems. This article makes an important contribution regarding gendered labor market inequalities by systematically linking the household to the country context.

This book is based on my PhD thesis, which I wrote between October 2003 and March 2007 at the Graduate School of Social Sciences (GSSS), University of Bremen. Writing a thesis is never possible without the help and encouragement of others. I, too, had many people around me who supported me throughout the process, from writing the first proposal until finalising the manuscript. First of all, I would like to thank my three supervisors, Ansgar Weymann, Reinhold Sackmann and Jutta Allmendinger, who from the beginning encouraged me in my research, provided me with practical ideas on how to proceed further, gave me constructive feedback on papers and chapters I gave them to read, and always found the right words to keep me going. In addition, I owe a lot of thanks to the GSSS, which provided me with all the necessary facilities and, most importantly, with financial support. In particular, I am grateful to Werner Dressel and Anne Schlüter, whose organisational talents often helped me to navigate through the University of Bremen's administrative "jungle" and made my life much easier. The fellows of my cohort at the GSSS also played a very important role throughout the whole PhD process, since they went with me through the same ups and downs which are bound to come when writing a thesis. I am especially thankful to Susanne Strauss, Daniela Kroos and Bettina Kohlrausch for the fruitful discussions we had, and for the constructive remarks they made on my data analysis and on many things I have written. In addition, I profited strongly from the support of other researchers not institutionally connected to my PhD. I would like to thank in particular Vernon Gayle and Paul Lambert of the University of Stirling, Alessandra Rusconi of the Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB), Karin Gottschall and Matthias Wingens of the University of Bremen, and the researchers of the SOEP group from the German Institute of Economic Research (DIW), who all gave me useful advice regarding my theoretical and methodological approach. I am also grateful to Tilman Brand, Aletta Diefenbach, Diana Lange and Friederike Theilen-Kosch, who helped me with literature searches, proof-reading, formatting and layout of graphs. Finally, getting through this PhD would not have been possible without all the people that are close to me. I would never have made it through my time in Bremen without the help of my friends, Jasmina, Melanie, Andi, Steffen and Tine, as well as those friends mentioned above. Also the loving support of my parents and my sister were very important to keep me going. Thanks a lot to all of you.