Die Dis cus si on Pape rs die nen einer mög lichst schnel len Ver brei tung von neue ren For schungs arbei ten des ZEW. Die Bei trä ge lie gen in allei ni ger Ver ant wor tung der Auto ren und stel len nicht not wen di ger wei se die Mei nung des ZEW dar.Dis cus si on Papers are inten ded to make results of ZEW research prompt ly avai la ble to other eco no mists in order to encou ra ge dis cus si on and sug gesti ons for revi si ons. The aut hors are sole ly respon si ble for the con tents which do not neces sa ri ly repre sent the opi ni on of the ZEW.Download this ZEW Discussion Paper from our ftp server:ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp08109.pdf Non-technical SummaryThe paper empirically analyses the role of Creative Industries in affecting an economy's innovation performance. We distinguish three such roles: First, Creative Industries are a major source of innovative ideas and thus contribute to an economy's innovative potential and the generation of new products and services. Secondly, they offer services which may be inputs to innovative activities of other enterprises and organisations within and outside the creative industries. Thirdly, Creative Industries are intensive users of technology and often demand adaptations and new developments of technology, providing innovation impulses to technology producers.Creative Industries are defined as those economic activities that strongly rest on individual creativity, skill and talent and predominantly produce intellectual property (in contrast to material goods or immediately consumable services). In order to identify enterprises in the Creative Industries, we combine a sector classification approach (as used by most authors so far) with an analysis of an enterprise's degree of creativity in terms of creativity of employees, creativity of products, and creativity of processes. We define creative enterprises as those belonging to a Creative Industry sector and predominantly conducting creative economic activities.The empirical study is based on a survey of more than 2,000 creative enterprises from Austria.We show that the creative industries are not only -by definition -a source of creativity, but they also show a strong performance in technological innovation and thus directly contribute Das Wichtigste in KürzeIn diesem Aufsatz wird der Beitrag der "Creative Industries" zur Innovationstätigkeit in einer AbstractThis paper analyses the role of creative industries in affecting an economy's innovation performance. We conducted a survey of more than 2,000 creative industry enterprises from Austria which are defined by a combination of sector affiliation and the degree of creativity of the services they offer. We show that the creative industries are among the most innovative sectors in the economy. They support innovation in a variety of other sectors through creative inputs, such as ideas for new products (i.e. innovation content), supplementary products and services (such as software) or marketing support for product innovations. What is more, they are also ...

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Die Dis cus si on Pape rs die nen einer mög lichst schnel len Ver brei tung von neue ren For schungs arbei ten des ZEW. Die Bei trä ge lie gen in allei ni ger Ver ant wor tung der Auto ren und stel len nicht not wen di ger wei se die Mei nung des ZEW dar.Dis cus si on Papers are inten ded to make results of ZEW research prompt ly avai la ble to other eco no mists in order to encou ra ge dis cus si on and sug gesti ons for revi si ons. The aut hors are sole ly respon si ble for the con tents which do not neces sa ri ly repre sent the opi ni on of the ZEW. Non-technical summarySince 2004, the European Commission (EC) has taken a number of steps to develop a legal framework that allows victims of EU antitrust infringements to obtain compensation. In its Green Paper on damages actions for breach of antitrust rules, the EC ( Although the public and academic discourse on the various methods and models to estimate damages certainly is a necessary step in the process of strengthening antitrust damages actions, the challenges of applying them in actual cases with real-world data are often ignored. Given the fact that the final damage value basically is a function of the demanded quantities of the cartelized product and the cartel-induced increase in price, it becomes apparent that especially the robust estimation of the so-called price overcharge is crucial for a coherent and welfare-improving private enforcement of anti-cartel rules.Against this background, we use publicly available price data from a German cement cartel to estimate the achieved price overcharge. In particular, we apply two different comparatorbased approaches -a 'before-and-after' approach and a 'difference-in-differences' approachand especially study the impact of various assumptions on the transition period from the cartel period to the non-cartel period on the estimated price overcharge. We find that the cartel managed to implement price increases in a range from 20.3% (extended approach with instrumented cement demand) to 20.7% (basic approach) for the 'before-and-after' method and from 26.2% (pooled OLS) to 26.5% (random-effects) for the 'difference-in-differences' method. For the (extended) 'before-and-after' approach, we further show that various assumptions on the transition period from the cartel period to the non-cartel period have a significant impact on the estimated price overcharge. Das Wichtigste in Kürze AbstractWe use publicly available price data from the German cement industry to estimate the cartelinduced price increase. We apply two different comparator-based approaches -the 'beforeand-after' approach and the 'difference-in-differences' approach -and especially study the impact of various assumptions on the transition period from the cartel period to the non-cartel period on the overcharge estimate. We find that the cement cartel led to price overcharges in a range from 20.3 to 26.5 percent depending on model approach and model assumptions.

Die Dis cus si on Pape rs die nen einer mög lichst schnel len Ver brei tung von neue ren For schungs arbei ten des ZEW. Die Bei trä ge lie gen in allei ni ger Ver ant wor tung der Auto ren und stel len nicht not wen di ger wei se die Mei nung des ZEW dar.Dis cus si on Papers are inten ded to make results of ZEW research prompt ly avai la ble to other eco no mists in order to encou ra ge dis cus si on and sug gesti ons for revi si ons. The aut hors are sole ly respon si ble for the con tents which do not neces sa ri ly repre sent the opi ni on of the ZEW.Download this ZEW Discussion Paper from our ftp server:ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp10032.pdf Non-technical SummaryThis paper investigates the effect of mobility among a firm's R&D personnel on its innovation performance.Since knowledge created within an R&D department of a firm is largely embodied in the person of the individual researcher, firms might gain access to external knowledge via hiring new staff. Consequently, innovation should be enhanced. However, firms may suffer from a simultaneous outflow of R&D workers.Our empirical analysis falls back on theories developed by Jovanovic (1979) and Cooper (2001). According to these theories, labor mobility increases the employer-employee matching quality within the R&D department (Jovanovic, 1979). Moreover, as long as the R&D knowledge of a leaving worker can be still used by the worker's former employer, overall labor mobility results in net inflows of R&D knowledge and thus should stimulate innovation (Cooper, 2001).To disentangle the effects of net gains or losses in R&D personnel and replacements within the R&D department is the major aim of this study. We employ, besides net growth in R&D personnel, churning as a measure for R&D worker mobility. Churning depicts the number of workers which are replaced by new ones, i.e. it is an employment-neutral measure of labor turnover. Furthermore, we distinguish between different types of innovations, namely between process and product innovations as well as between market and product-range novelties.Using two sets of bivariate probit regressions, we estimate various knowledge production functions. Labor mobility is found to enhance innovation performance up to a certain threshold. Interestingly, this threshold differs between the types of innovation. The optimal amount of churning among R&D works is lower for process innovations than for product innovations. This result is intuitive since process innovation will require much more firm-specific knowledge and less external knowledge. Our regressions further indicate that a positive effect of labor mobility on innovation performance depends crucially on the appropriability regime. If R&D knowledge is characterized by rivalry in its application, i.e. it is non-duplicative, the threshold up to which a positive effect of labor mobility can be observed is considerably lower. Das Wichtigste in Kürze

The paper investigates the construction of a low‐cost airline network by analyzing JetBlue Airways' entry decisions into non‐stop domestic US airport‐pair markets. Adopting duration models, we find that JetBlue consistently avoided concentrated airports and targeted concentrated routes; network economies also affected entry positively. For non‐stop entry into routes that have not been served directly before, our analysis reveals that the carrier focused on thicker routes and secondary airports. Non‐stop entry into existing non‐stop markets, however, shows that JetBlue concentrated on longer‐haul markets and avoided routes already operated by either other low‐cost carriers or network carriers under bankruptcy protection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.