Ocrelizumab demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of relapsing and PPMS and is the first therapy approved for patients with PPMS.

Discrepancies in medication orders at transitions of care have been shown to affect patient outcomes in a negative way. The Joint Commission recognizes the importance of medication reconciliation through their National Patient Safety Goals, with an emphasis placed on maintaining accurate medication information for each patient. The primary objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of implementing a medication reconciliation process in an internal medicine clinic at an academic medical center. A retrospective chart review of patients seen at an Internal Medicine Clinic within and Academic Medical Center, a continuity and teaching clinic for Internal Medicine residents and faculty practice clinic, was conducted. Nursing staff were educated by PharmDs to perform a standardized medication history during the triage process. Medication reconciliation data was analyzed for 3263 patients from 1 August 2014 to 27 February 2015. A total of 4479 discrepancies were found through this process, with the majority (71%) of discrepancies being medications on the list that patient was no longer taking. This project illustrated to our nursing and physician staff the need for regular thorough review of the patient medication list.

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Many oral medication classes are available for the treatment of diabetes. Within each class, there are multiple agents with specifi c indications, side eff ects, dosing, warnings, and contraindications. The purpose of this article is to provide a quick reference to these medications for use in day-today practice. Recommendations from the 2022 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Care regarding oral diabetes therapies highlight the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2) as a possible fi rst-line option in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin remains fi rst-line for the majority of people, but additive or alternative therapies may be considered if additional compelling indications, such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure, or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, are present and data regarding benefi t exist, regardless of baseline A1C. The 2022 ADA Standards of Care also suggest patient-centered therapy selection (eg, past medical history, cost, access considerations). The SGLT-2 inhibitors (canaglifl ozin, dapaglifl ozin, empaglifl ozin, ertuglifl ozin) were originally approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes to lower blood glucose in conjunction with healthy eating and physical activity. Since their initial approval, some of these agents have received additional FDA-approved indications based on randomized controlled trials (see reference list). Canaglifl ozin is also approved to reduce risk of major cardiovascular (CV) events in persons with type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to reduce risk of end-stage Comprehensive Oral Diabetes Medication Resource

Introduction Some of the most bothersome symptoms associated with menopause are the vasomotor symptoms (VMS), characterized by transient elevations in body temperature associated with a narrowing of the thermoneutral zone and an abnormal firing rate of thermosensitive neurons in the hypothalamus. These VMS have traditionally been treated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT); however, after a trial suggesting an association between HRT and a number of serious adverse events, alternative therapies for VMS are being studied. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the available literature regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for the alleviation of VMS associated with menopause. Methods PubMed and Ovid/MEDLINE keyword searches were conducted. Literature was reviewed for inclusion if it included any SSRI or SNRI for menopausal symptoms published prior to August 31, 2014. Results Seven studies were included in this review article. No articles were found directly comparing HRT to either SSRIs or SNRIs. Multiple agents within these two classes have been studied for VMS in menopausal and postmenopausal women. Discussion Vasomotor symptoms related to the perimenopausal and postmenopausal period can lead to significant physical distress, often requiring medical intervention. Traditional therapies for VMS of menopause have been dominated by the use of HRT. There are conflicting data regarding the use of SSRIs and SNRIs for patients with vasomotor symptoms related to menopause, and these agents may not be ideal for all patients. These agents may be considered as an alternative in patients who have a contraindication or are concerned about using hormonal therapies.