Impairments in working memory are typically associated with impairments in other cognitive faculties such as attentional processes and short-term memory. This paper briefly introduces neurofeedback as a treatment modality in general, and, more specifically, we review several of the current modalities successfully used in neurofeedback (NF) for the treatment of working memory deficits. Two case studies are presented to illustrate how neurofeedback is applied in treatment. The development of Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) and its application in neurofeedback now makes it possible to specifically target deep cortical/subcortical brain structures. Developments in neuroscience concerning neural networks, combined with highly specific yet practical NF technologies, makes neurofeedback of particular interest to neuropsychological practice, including the emergence of specific methodologies for treating very difficult working memory (WM) problems.

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SUMMARYTo the software design community, the concern over the costs associated w i t h a program's execution time and implementation is great. desirable, and sometimes imperative, t h a t the proper programming technique i s chosen which minimizes a l l costs for a given application or type of application.I t is always T h i s paper describes a study t h a t compared the cost-related factors associ ated w i t h traditional programming techniques t o rul e-based programming techniques for a specific application. traditional approach regarding execution efficiency, b u t favored the rulebased approach regarding programmer productivity (implementation ease).The results of this study favored the Execution efficiency was measured by the number of steps required t o i s o l a t e hypotheses. or a fetch f o r information from another body of code. The separate homogeneous rule-base and inference mechanisms of the rule-based program required more steps i n the isolation of hypotheses. The best case f o r the rule-based program was approximately four times l e s s e f f i c i e n t than the t r a d i ti onal program.A step was defined t o be a condition test, function c a l l ,The results for programmer productivity were based on the modification ease, verification ease, and the ease of adding explanation capability t o each program. These measures were determined by a qualitative sumnation of the required process for each measure. The separate homogeneous rule-base and inference mechanisms of the rule-based program provided potential for improved programmer productivity. T h i s study was based on a specific application. The application was both complex and frequently modified, and therefore, tested key features of both programming techniques. the results should be widely applicable.Although this study examined a specific application,

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