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This article presents an overview of the practice of adoption to counseling psychologists to promote clinical understanding of the adoption experience and to stimulate research on adoption. The article includes definitions of adoption terminology, important historical and legal developments for adoption, a summary of adoption statistics, conceptualizations of adoption experience, themes and trends in adoption outcome research related to adoptees and birthparents, and selected theoretical models of adoption. The importance of considering social context variables in adoption practice and research is emphasized.

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This study used structural equation modeling to test the hypothesized model that the effects of early trauma are buffered by early resources and that these variables, in turn, affect psychological damage and subsequent adjustment. In addition, the utility of the Narcissistic Injury Scale (NIS; S. L. Slyter, 1991), an operationalization of A. Miller's (1981) construct of narcissistic injury, was assessed. Students (n = 250) completed questionnaires measuring past trauma, early resources, psychological damage, and adaptation to college. Results supported the reliability and validity of the NIS. Structural equation analyses resulted in a final model with a very good overall fit. The path linking early trauma to psychological damage and then subsequent adjustment accounted for the most variance. The hypothesized buffering effects of early resources were not supported. Counseling and research applications are discussed.