Background: It is known that some nutrients play an important role in the development of cholelithiasis. Cholesterol is carried by micelles and vesicles inL a litiasis biliar es considerada una patología metabólica multifactorial, siendo la dieta un factor importante en el desarrollo de esta patología. Al respecto, existen antecedentes que sugieren que una dieta alta en grasas es un probable factor predisponente para el desarrollo de litiasis biliar. Sin embargo, aun no se ha dilucidado el impacto que ejercen dietas altas en grasas en los lípidos biliares, debido a diferencias en el metabolismo lipídico inherentes al huésped, en el momento de la intervención dietética. Se han realizado estudios metabólicos en sujetos con perfil lipídico en el rango normal e hiperlipidémicos, con y sin cálculos vesiculares, pero sin lograr obtener un patrón consistente 1,2 . Inicialmente se postuló, que la adición de grasas en dietas destinadas a reducir el peso corporal, podrían disminuir la incidencia de colelitiasis, al potenciar la contractibilidad de la vesícula biliar 3 . Sin embargo, se han reportado resultados contradictorios, indicando que la elevada contractibilidad vesicular por alta ingesta de grasas, no es suficiente explicación para la coleli- Se ha logrado establecer, que una dieta excesiva en colesterol, es un factor predisponente a hiperlipidemia, y puede inducir una sobresaturación de la bilis y formación de cálculos vesiculares. Sin embargo, el tipo de dieta grasa, y específicamente ciertos ácidos grasos, pueden también influenciar la colelitiasis [5][6][7][8] . Ensayos realizados en un modelo animal de conejos con hipercolesterolemia, señalan que la ingesta de una dieta alta en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, logran normalizar los porcentajes de lípidos biliares, reduciendo el índi-ce litogénico; por el contrario, una dieta alta en áci-dos grasos ω-3-poliinsaturados incrementaron el índice litogénico 9 . En hámsteres se ha informado, que la incorporación de ácidos grasos saturados a la dieta incrementan los efectos litogénicos 10,11
Effects of vitamin C administration on cholesterol gallstone formation Background: Biliary cholesterol is transported by vesicles and micelles. Cholesterol microcrystals are derived from thermodynamically unstable vesicles. In experimental animals vitamin C deficiency leads to a super-saturation of biliary cholesterol and to the formation of gallstones. Aim: To search for a possible relationship between serum levels of vitamin C and the formation of cholesterol gallstones in patients with cholelithiasis. Material and Methods: Thirteen patients with cholelithiasis and a programmed surgical intervention were treated with 2 g/day of vitamin C per os for two weeks before surgery. Forty nine patients subjected to a cholecystectomy not supplemented with vitamin C were studied as controls. Plasma concentrations of vitamin C and lipid profiles were measured. The cholesterol saturation index, crystallization time, cholesterol and phospholipid content in vesicles and micelles, separated by gel filtration chromatography, were studied in bile samples obtained from the gallbladder. Results: Vitamin C supplementation did not change significantly plasma lipids and bile lipid concentrations. However, in supplemented patients, significant reductions in vesicular cholesterol content (6.5 ± 4.8% compared to 17.9 ± 14.0% in the control group; p < 0.05) and vesicular cholesterol/phospholipid ratio (0.71 ± 0.53 compared to 1.36 ± 1.15 in controls; p < 0.05), were observed. Conclusions: Vitamin C administration may modify bile cholesterol crystallization process, the first step in cholesterol gallstone formation.
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