Perioperative chemotherapy improves overall survival in patients with oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma (OAC) and locoregional disease. The mainstay of perioperative chemotherapy in these patients is a platinum/fluoropyrimidine combination. The phase III FLOT4 trial has shown that the FLOT triplet regimen (oxaliplatin, infusional 5-FU, and docetaxel) improves the outcome of patients with OAC and locoregional disease as compared to the ECF triplet (epirubicin, cisplatin, and infusional 5-FU). Targeted therapies have currently no role in the perioperative setting for the treatment of patients with OAC. For patients with oligometastatic disease, upfront gastrectomy followed by chemotherapy did not show any survival benefit compared with chemotherapy alone and thus should be discouraged. Whether surgery should be offered to patients with metastatic OAC achieving a systemic control after upfront chemotherapy is under scrutiny in the phase III FLOT5/Renaissance trial. After neoadjuvant treatment, lymph node status but not pathologic tumor response is an independent factor in the prediction of overall survival. Growing evidence suggests that perioperative chemotherapy may be associated with an increased mortality risk in patients with microsatellite instable (MSI)/mismatch repair-deficient (MMRD) adenocarcinoma, thus validating poor responsiveness to chemotherapy in MSI patients with locoregional disease.
ZusammenfassungDie akute Pankreatitis (AP) stellt die häufigste gastrointestinale Ursache für Krankenhausaufnahmen dar. Die Mortalität liegt bei 5 %, kann jedoch in Abhängigkeit vom Schweregrad auf bis zu 40 % ansteigen. Insbesondere schwere Verlaufsformen sind mit einem Multiorganversagen vergesellschaftet und haben eine schlechte Prognose. In diesem Zusammenhang kann es bei bis zu 10 % der Patienten zum akuten Nierenversagen (Acute kidney injury, AKI) kommen, das sich meistens spät nach dem Versagen anderer Organe entwickelt, aber auch initial oder isoliert auftreten kann. Darüber hinaus bestimmt das AKI als Komplikation der schweren Pankreatitis maßgeblich die Prognose, da die Mortalität, vor allem bei dialysepflichtigem AKI, auf bis zu 75 % dramatisch ansteigen kann.Im Vergleich zu anderen intensivmedizinisch assoziierten AKIs (z. B. Volumenmangel, kardiales Pumpversagen, Sepsis oder Intoxikationen) weist das mit einer AP assoziierte AKI (AP-AKI) viele Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch deutliche Unterschiede auf. Die zwei existierenden Formen des AP-AKI (initiale prärenale Schädigung aufgrund eines Volumenmangels, intrarenale Schädigung in der Spätphase) können aufeinander folgend, aber auch unabhängig voneinander auftreten. Obwohl die Pathophysiologie gänzlich unverstanden ist, scheint eine systemische und lokale entzündliche Reaktion eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Die frühe Diagnose und die rechtzeitige Einleitung einer effektiven supportiven und ätiopathogenetisch gerichteten Therapie kann die Prognose deutlich verbessern. Ungeachtet dessen finden sich derzeit nur wenige Studien, die sich explizit mit AKI und Pankreatitis befassen.In der vorliegenden Übersicht konzentrieren wir uns – unter Verwendung der aktuellsten Literatur – auf die zugrunde liegenden pathophysiologischen Mechanismen des AP-AKI, untersuchen in dieser Hinsicht den diagnostischen und prognostischen Stellenwert alter und neuer Serum- und Urinmarker und diskutieren die für die AP-AKI empfohlenen Behandlungsansätze inklusive möglicher Nierenersatzverfahren.
Despite significant improvements in inpatient and outpatient management, pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (Pr-AKI) remains an important risk factor for early and late maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. There is a discrepancy between the incidence of Pr-AKI in developing and in developed countries, with the former experiencing a decrease and the latter an increase in Pr-AKI in recent decades. Whereas septic and hemorrhagic complications predominated in the past, nowadays hypertensive disorders and thrombotic microangiopathy are the leading causes of Pr-AKI. Modern lifestyles and the availability and widespread use of in-vitro fertilization techniques in industrialized countries have allowed more women of advanced age to become pregnant. This has led to a rise in the percentage of high-risk pregnancies due to the disorders and comorbidities inherent to or accompanying aging, such as diabetes, arterial hypertension and preexisting chronic kidney disease. Last but not least, the heterogeneity of symptoms, the often overlapping clinical and laboratory characteristics and the pathophysiological changes related to pregnancy make the diagnosis and management of Pr-AKI a difficult and challenging task for the treating physician. In addition to general supportive management strategies such as volume substitution, blood pressure control, prevention of seizures or immediate delivery, each disease entity requires a specific therapy to reduce maternal and fetal complications. In this review, we used the current literature to provide a summary of the physiologic and pathophysiologic changes in renal physiology which occur during pregnancy. In the second part, we present common and rare disorders which lead to Pr-AKI and provide an overview of the available treatment options.
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