No abstract

No abstract

The diffusion, solution, and permeation behavior of a series of inert gases (helium, argon, nitrogen, krypton, and xenon) in S-B block copolymer films was studied by transient permeability measurements a n d by t h e equilibrium desorption method. The morphologies of most of the samples used in the measurements were (a) polystyrene rods dispersed in a polybutadiene matrix and (b) alternating lamellae of styrene and butadiene components. It was indicated, as far as the kinetic nature at lower temperatures is concerned, that the diffusion and permeation processes of gases, except for helium, are governed primarily by behavior in the polybutadiene matrix. At lower temperatures, it was shown that the transient method counts only the mobile penetrant in the polybutadiene matrix, while the equilibrium method counts less diffusive species in the polystyrene domains as well. T h e diffusion behavior in the copolymer films was compared with that in homopolybutadiene and discussed in terms of two impedance factors: the tortuosity and the chain immobilization factors. From the homopolymer-block copolymer comparison along with results obtained from diffusion experiments using n-hexane as the penetrant, it was indicated that segmental motions in the polybutadiene phase in the copolymers are restricted relative to motions in homopolybutadiene. Also, from data on gas sorption in samples of various styrene contents, involving both S-B block copolymers and binary mixtures with homopolystyrene, it was suggested that the partial mixing of component block chains occurs at the interface between the domains, resulting in rather diffuse domain boundaries.

SUMMARY:To clarify the molecular epidemiology of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in Okinawa Prefecture, located in a subtropical region of Japan, we performed genetic analysis of the F gene in HMPV from patients with acute respiratory infection from January 2009 to December 2011. HMPV was detected in 18 of 485 throat swabs (3.7z). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 17 strains belonged to subgroup A2 and 1 strain belonged to subgroup B1. We did not observe seasonal prevalence of HMPV during the investigation period. A high level of sequence identity was observed in the strains belonging to subgroup A2 (À95z), and no amino acid substitution was found compared with other strains detected in Japan and other countries. The pairwise distance values among the present strains belonging to subgroup A2 were short. Our results suggest that the predominant HMPV strains belonging to A2 are highly homologous and seasonal epidemics were not seen in Okinawa during the investigation period.