Background: Even though sleep makes up nearly a third of a person's lifetime, we do not fully appreciate its significance. The partial or nearly complete loss of sleep from an organism that results in a number of detrimental health issues is known as sleep deprivation. Aim: To investigate how omega 3 fatty acids affect the size and weight of the prostate gland in sleep-deprived rats. Study design: Random control trial. Methodology: Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats (population) aged three to four months and weighing 200 to 300 grammes were utilised. They were kept in a controlled setting at the NIH's animal house in Islamabad. Rats were randomised into three groups by using lottery method, with n = 10 rats in each group. The control group was designated as group A. They experienced a regular cycle of sleep and wakefulness. Rats in group B, which experienced sleep deprivation for 16 hours followed by an 8-hour sleep window each day for 8 weeks, were placed in the sleep-deprived group. The standard lab diet was provided to Groups A and B. For eight weeks, Group C received a typical lab meal combined with omega 3 fatty acids while also being sleep deprived for 16 hours, followed by an 8-hour sleep window each day. Results: In comparison to groups A and C that received omega 3, the gland weight and volume in group B were significantly lower. Group A: Weight and volume of the prostate: Prostate weight ranged from 1.85 to 0.50 grammes on average. The computed RTBWI was 0.60 + 0.22. The prostate's mean SD volume was 166.81 45.67 mm3. GROUP B: Weight of the prostate: Prostate weight ranged from 1.30 to 0.22 grammes on average. In the sleep-deprived group B compared to the control group A, the weight of the prostate was considerably lower (p-value=0.008). The computed RTBWI was 0.37 + 0.22. The prostate's mean SD volume was 127.88 67.35 mm3. GROUP C: Weight of prostate gland: In experimental group C, the prostate's mean SD weight was 2.19 0.42gm. According to the RTBWI calculation, it was 0.64 0.07. The prostate's mean SD volume was 182.89 44.16 mm3. Practical Implication: Today, sleep deprivation is a big problem, and this study will assist researchers in examining how Omega 3 fatty acids can help prevent this problem and the harmful effects it has on the prostate glands. Conclusion: It was concluded that Omega 3 fatty acids played a protective role while sleep deprivation had a negative impact on the weight and volume of the prostate gland. Keywords: Sleep Deprivation, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Prostate and Protective Effect.

Background: Osteoporosis, a degenerative skeletal illness, is a widespread medical issue that can affect a person's way of life. Aim: To evaluate how salt played a protective role in the Sprague Dawley rats' femur's microscopic alterations. Study Design: Random control trial Methodology: The study used 30 female, Sprague Dawley rats aged between 0 and 12 weeks. Three groups of the animals were randomly chosen. For eight weeks, group B rodents received a high salt diet supplemented with zinc (50 mg/kg/day), while group A rats were administered a high salt diet (8% NaCl). The control group's diet was left unaltered. The left femora of the rats were excised during dissection. There was a decalcification process. To quantify the cortical bone, tissue from the mid-shaft of the femur was taken. To acquire five micrometer (m) sections, processing was done. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) was used to stain tissues as a histological parameter. Each group was compared to the others. Statistical analysis: MATLAB was used to conduct the data analysis. Mean+ S.D. was used to express quantitative data. For group comparisons, a 2-sample t-test was used. Statistical significance was defined as p 0.05. Results: Group A of the experimental study had a considerably smaller area of cortical bone from the mid shaft of the femur. When compared to group A, the experimental zinc-administered group B showed statistically significant improvements. Practical Implication: Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease and numerous micro/macro nutrients and dietary components can influence bone health including high salt intake. Zinc plays a pivotal role in maintenance and growth of skeletal system and its deficiency results in growth failure, epidermal, gastrointestinal, central nervous, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems disorders so present study was planned. Conclusion: A diet high in salt caused bone loss due to a reduction in the cortex's surface area. By promoting osteoblast activity and preventing bone-resorbing cells, zinc is useful in reducing the negative effects of salt on bones. Keywords: Cortex, Femur, Osteaoprosis, Salt and Zinc

Osteoporosis is a major risk factor for fracture affects an enormous number of people of both genders worldwide. Objectives: To evaluate the shielding effect of omega-3 fatty acids on high salt induced histological findings in femur of rats. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Methodology: Female rats (n=30) were divided into three groups. Group A recieved high salt diet (8%NaCl) while group B recieved omega-3-treated salt loaded diet receiving 260 mg/kg body weight with 8% NaCl solution (8 weeks), control group received standard diet. Tissue from mid shaft and proximal end of femur was obtained to study the osteoblast number, mid cortical bone thickness and trabecular bone architecture. Statistical analysis: SPSS software, v 21 analyzed data. Results: Protective effects were seen in Omega-3 fatty acid supplemented experimental group B with increase in osteoblast number, mid cortical bone thickness and increase in microstructure of trabeculae. Conclusion: We concluded that dietary nutrient like omega-3 fatty acid is a helpful tool in eliminating adverse effects of salt on bones by enhancing osteoblastic activity thus reducing its remodeling. Keywords: Bone, Osteoblast, Omega-3 fatty acid, Salt and Trabeculae.

ABSTRACT… Background: Nutrition is an important determinant of bone health. Micronutrients, other than calcium has been paid less attention to-date in the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of zinc on high salt induced gross changes in humerus and femur of rats. Study design: Analytical control randomized trial. Place and duration of study: Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, hosted the research with the cooperation of National Institute of Health; Islamabad. The study was approved by Ethical review committee of Riphah international university before its initiation. It took six months to complete the research (Sep 2015-March 2016. Material and methods: Forty five adult female Sprague Dawley, 10-12 weeks old rats were used in the study. Three groups were made, each having fifteen rats. Control group C (N=15) received laboratory diet without any alteration. Experimental group A (N=15) were served with high salt diet (8%NaCl) whereas experimental group B (N=15) animals were given high salt diet augmented with zinc (50mg/kg/day).All groups were given the diet for eight weeks. Animals were weighed at the start and end of study after which they were sacrificed. Left humeri and femora of all rats were obtained. Weight and mid shaft diameters of bones were recorded. The results were compiled after comparison amongst all the groups. Results: Marked gross changes were witnessed in experimental groups. These changes were of greater severity in high salt diet group as compared to the zinc supplemented group in which reverse beneficial effects were noticed. After zinc administration, there was substantial increase in the weight of animals and bones with concurrent increase in mid shaft diameters. Conclusion: Zinc has a Protective role against high salt induced damage on the gross parameters of bones. Key words:Gross parameters, mid shaft diameters, Salt, Zinc. Article Citation: Anjum K, Ali A, Shahid U. Protective effect of zinc; against salt induced macroscopic changes in humerus and femur of rats. Professional Med J 2017;24(4):580-588.

Lead is a highly toxic agent and a potent risk factor for various diseases as its quantity in an environment is increasing day by day. Aim: To observe and analyze the lead nitrate induced histomorphological changes in the liver of Sprague Dawley rats. Study Design: Experimental Study. Methodology: Animals of group A (control) were fed on normal diet but the animals of group B were given 50mg/kg of lead nitrate dissolved in 10ml of distilled water through oral gavage for 14 days daily. SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. All the quantitative data was expressed as means ± SD. One Way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Tukey test was applied. Results: Degenerative effects were noted. The number of Inflammatory and Kupfffer cells is increased with decreased in the body weight. Steatosis and central vein congestion were also present. Conclusion: It was concluded that degenerative effects histologically may be due to oxidative stress produced by formation of free radicals and denaturation of proteins by lead nitrate. Keywords: Lead, Liver, Central Vein Congestion, Oxidative Stress and Free Radicals.