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In this work, the single-diode model is used to model the PV generator. Then, a numerical method is introduced to extract its five parameters using just the values of the key-points. To this end, we apply the I-V characteristic on the three remarkable points to get three equations with five unknowns. To complete the necessary system of five equations, the two other remaining equations are extracted as follow; the first, from the derivative of the equation linking the generator's current to its voltage. Second, an expression linking the fill-factor to the four parameters: Is, Rp, Rs and n is used as the fifth equation. This method is serves to extract the five parameters using five equations, without using any approximation. The accuracy of this approach is evaluated using experimental data for a solar cell, and extracted data from datasheet for a PV panel. Then, using some statistical indicators, this method has shown a good accuracy. Moreover, to get the values of the five parameters for non-standard conditions, and predict the I-V curves and the maximum power, a new analytical model of open-circuit voltage as a function of the module temperature and irradiance is presented as well in this paper.

Summary One of the crucial study areas for renewable energy is the output power prediction of photovoltaic (PV) generators under various operating situations. Accurate prediction of maximum power is important for the control and design of grid‐connected PV systems. In this study, a new analytical model of voltage and current at maximum power point in relation to temperature and solar irradiation has been proposed to predict the maximum power of PV modules operating from dawn to dusk under real outdoor environmental conditions. Real‐time monitoring values of PV module temperature and solar irradiation have been used to optimize the analytical model parameters during one reference day and then to forecast the maximum power of the PV module for all other days. To validate our proposed analytical model, experimental data recorded by National Renewable Energy Laboratory for three PV modules from single‐crystalline silicon, multi‐crystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon heterojunction with intrinsic thin‐layer technologies have been used. Real‐time experimental and optimized characteristic using the proposed model of voltage at maximum power has been compared to three other analytical models in one reference day. The results have shown a good agreement and the normalized error has not exceeded 1%. Furthermore, the comparison of experimental and predicted curves of peak power point in two other arbitrary days has shown a good agreement and the NRMSE values have not exceeded 0.92%.