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Background and Aim: Salinomycin sodium, a licensed coccidiostat in rabbits, is used for fattening at a dose of 20–25 mg/kg. Salinomycin toxicity may arise from many risk factors (e.g., overdosage or use in non-target animal species). Silymarin extracted from milk thistle has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. This study aimed to investigate the adverse impacts of oral administration of salinomycin for 28 consecutive days and how to reduce its risks and side effects by administering silymarin. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four male New Zealand White bucks (1.750–2.000 kg) were randomly divided into seven groups (12 each). Group one was the control. Groups two and three were administered salinomycin orally (doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg ration). Group four was administered salinomycin (20 mg/kg ration) and silymarin (6.5 mg/kg body weight [BW]). Group five received salinomycin (40 mg/kg ration) and silymarin (13 mg/kg BW). Groups six and seven were administered silymarin at doses of 6.5 and 13 mg/kg BW. Rabbits were euthanized and slaughtered on day 29 using the Halal method. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, urea, total proteins, albumin, total cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) were analyzed in serum. Glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in the liver. A histopathological investigation was performed on the liver and kidney. Results: The MDA activity, AST, ALT, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, urea, and creatinine values were significantly elevated in groups two and three. The GSH, catalase, SOD, and HDL were significantly lower in these groups than in the control group. There were moderate pathologic changes in the liver and kidney of the third group . However, the results of the fourth and fifth groups improved more than those of the second and third groups. The results of the sixth and seventh groups were nearly the same as those of the control group. Conclusion: Salinomycin toxicity was caused by oxidative damage because of reactive oxygen species formation. Silymarin (6.5 or 13 mg/kg BW) tends to prevent and treat accidental toxicity. However, the high dose of silymarin (13 mg/kg BW) had more renal and hepatoprotective capacities.

Heavy metals pollution, along with environmental pollution, is increasing every day. It contaminates foodstuff. Moreover, in the last few years, the frequency of renal failure and liver cirrhosis in a human was markedly increased which could be related to heavy metal pollution in Egypt. The present study was designed to investigate the presence of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and iron) as well as macro elements (sodium, calcium and manganese) in drinking water (tap and well water), feed and tissue residues in 5 different broiler's farms (A,B,C,D and E) in Ismailia Governorate. Farm A was in Fayed area, farm B was in El Tall El Kebir area, farm C was in Abu Khalifa area, farm D was in Taie area, and farm E was in Sarabium area. Both farms A and B used tap water while farms C, D and E used well water. Levels of lead (Pb) were non-detectable or within the permissible limits stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Egyptian Organization of Standardization (EOS) in all water types, feed and tissues. The levels of cadmium (Cd) were nondetectable or within permissible limits in both water types, while it was detected in the feed of all farms and exceeded the permissible limit in farms B and C with increased tissue residue in farm B. Iron (Fe) water level was non-detectable in farm A, while it was detected in the other farms and were within the permissible limit. Iron feed and tissues levels were considerably high in broilers in all tested farms. Sodium was detected in higher levels in water and feed of farms C and D with exceeding permissible limits in the water. The sodium (Na) level was significantly higher in kidney samples of farm C than in other farms. Calcium (Ca) levels were higher in the water of farms C and D than permissible limits with significantly higher kidney residue in farm D than others. Magnesium (Mg) was detected in water within the permissible limit in all farms with more values in Farms C and D that were reflected as significant elevations in tissue residues of the former farms. Levels of heavy metal are variable between different farms under investigation with high levels of lead and cadmium in farms that used tap water for broilers farms that were attributed to the nearness of human activities to such farms.

ABSTRACT-The effects of harmaline on tryptophan-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) syndrome and body temperature changes in pargyline-pretreated rats were investigated. When administered i.p. 60 min after pargyline treatment (50 mg/kg, i.p.), tryptophan, at 100 mg/kg but not 10 mg/kg, induced the 5-HT syndrome. Tryptophan at 100 mg/kg also produced hypothermia followed by hyperthermia in pargylinepretreated rats. Administration of harmaline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after pargyline not only potentiated the 100 mg/kg tryptophan-induced 5-HT syndrome and body temperature changes, but also produced the syndrome following administration of 10 mg/kg tryptophan in pargyline-pretreated rats. In contrast, when administered 30 min before pargyline, 10 mg/kg harmaline completely suppressed the syndrome and body temperature changes caused by 100 mg/kg tryptophan. Tryptophan (100 mg/kg, i.p.) administration significantly increased 5-HT levels and decreased 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels and 5-HT turnover in the brain of pargyline-pretreated rats. Harmaline administration 30 min after pargyline did not significantly affect the tryptophan-induced changes in 5-HT levels and 5-HT turnover, whereas when administered 30 min before pargyline, harmaline significantly blocked the effect of tryptophan. These results suggest that mechanisms underlying the inhibitory action of harmaline on the tryptophan-induced 5-HT syndrome and body temperature changes in pargyline-pretreated rats differ from those by which harmaline potentiates the effects of tryptophan.

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