SUMMARYIn order to reveal the mechanism behind the ion channel diseases of muscles, we numerically analyzed bifurcations in the space-clamped HodgkinHuxley equations for muscles of frogs (HHM). The leakage conductance g l and the sodium channel effective bias voltage V m BB B were selected as bifurcation parameters. We continued codimension-one bifurcation branches of saddle node, homoclinic, Hopf, double cycle on the V m BB B u g l plane. We showed the existence of codimension-two bifurcation points: a twisted resonant, a BogdanovTakens, an inclination-flip (if), a degenerate Hopf, and a cusp. The first three were found for HHM with parameters within a realistic range. The if point is found to be a key point in the behavior of HHM, around which the parameter plane is separated into three regions: normal action potential, repetitive firing (myotonia), and depolarized resting potential (periodic paralysis). The characteristics of if are not as yet completely revealed theoretically, so our results are also of mathematical interest.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.