Chlorine gas evolution was investigated by bubbling O 2 gas into molten CaCl 2 at temperatures higher than 1173 K, although a thermodynamic analysis shows almost no progress of the reaction 2CaCl 2 + O 2 ) 2CaO + Cl 2 . To break the thermodynamic limitation, chlorine gas slightly evolved was quickly removed from the reactor by flowing O 2 . From the data obtained at the early stage of reaction, the rate equation for Cl 2 evolution was determined to be d[Cl 2 ]/dt ) k(P O 2 ) n / (1 + k′ [CaO]), where 0.7 < n <0.9, with an activation energy of 157.6 kJ/mol. Upon prolonged reaction, the rate of Cl 2 evolution rapidly decreased because of the progress of the reverse reaction between Cl 2 and CaO generated during the reaction. Through the addition of silica powder into molten CaCl 2 , the rapid decrease in the Cl 2 evolution rate on prolonged reaction was significantly moderated: about 60% of the Cl ions contained in the CaCl 2 were recovered as Cl 2 gas. This is due to the reaction of SiO 2 with CaO to form calcium silicate, which is less reactive with Cl 2 gas.
Heparin is widely used in the treatment of various diseases, but the mechanisms of its biologic actions remain largely obscure. Recently, oxygen radicals, which are produced in a variety of conditions and cause tissue damage, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases. To investigate the relationship between heparin and oxygen radical production by neutrophils, we compared the effects of standard heparin (heparin sodium), which has been widely used, and a recently developed low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) which has potent anti-Xa activity, on neutrophil oxygen radical production in vitro. Standard heparin increased neutrophil oxygen radical production slightly at the low concentrations used clinically but reduced it at high concentrations, so that the effect of heparin on neutrophil oxygen radical production was biphasic. The effects of LMWH on neutrophil oxygen radical production were slight at both low and high concentrations. In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) locally activated neutrophils produce oxygen radicals and have toxic effects in vivo. Thus we concluded that LMWH should be indicated for the treatment of DIC.
There are large quantities of waste rice husk and straw estimated around 3.9 million tons as biomass waste every year in Japan. Air pollutants emitted from exhaust gases of rice husk incineration lead to environmental damage, not only because of the influence on global environment and climate, when released into the atmosphere, but also on human health due to local air pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively utilize waste rice husk and straw to reduce air pollutants. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand on the utilization of unused biomass instead of fossil oil fuel in combustors for farminggreenhouses heating during the winter season. The increasing demand will increase the running costs. In general, since these combustors are small in size, there is a lack of regulations or laws (e.g. The Air Pollution Control Act and The Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law) in operation for their air pollution control. So far, small size combustors are characterized by their simplicity of structure and low costs. However, they emit visible black carbon (elemental carbon) due to their poor combustion performance. In this study, we investigated that the possibility of the substitution of fossil fuel by waste rice husk and rice straw in laboratory model combustion experiments. We evaluated the emission behavior of harmful air pollutants emitted from rice husk and straw combustion by measuring carbonaceous and ionic composition of suspended particulate matter in the exhaust gases. From the analytical results we found that particulate mass concentrations reduced substantially at high temperature combustion. From the results of our study, it can be suggested that stable combustion performance under suitable conditions Energy and Sustainability IV 315
There are large quantities of waste rice husk, e.g. around 3 million tons are estimated as biomass waste every year in Japan. Air pollutants emitted from exhaust gases of rice husk incineration lead to very important environmental damage, not only because of the influence on global environment and climate, when released into the atmosphere, but also on human health due to local air pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively utilize waste rice husk and to reduce air pollutants. In recent years, there is an increasing demand on the utilization of unused biomass instead of fossil oil fuel in combustors for farminggreenhouses heating during the winter season. This increase in the demand will increase the running costs. In general, since these combustors are small in size, there is lack of regulations or laws (e.g. the air pollution control act and the waste disposal and public cleaning law) in operation for their air pollution control. So far, small size combustors are characterized by their simplicity of structure and the low costs; therefore, they emit visible black carbon (elemental carbon) due to their poor combustion performance.In this study, we investigated if fossil fuel can be substituted by waste rice husk in laboratory model combustion experiments. We evaluated the emission behavior of harmful air pollutants emitted from rice husk combustion by measuring carbonaceous and ionic composition of suspended particulate matter in the exhaust gases. From the analytical results we found that particulate mass concentrations can be reduced substantially at high temperature combustion. Air Pollution XX 365constituted by Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl -, NO 3 -and SO 4 2-which are easily vaporized, followed by homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous condensation of these inorganic vapors. As the results of our study, it can be suggested that we have to ensure stable combustion performance under suitable conditions in order to control less air pollutants emitted from biomass fuel although small size combustors are still not regulated.
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