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BACKGROUND: The molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is defined as a qualitative defect of the enamel characterised by the progressive and simultaneous hypomineralization of the enamel structure of the first permanent molars which is of systemic origin, which may be associated frequently with incisors. Although the reported prevalence of MIH ranges from 2.4% to 40.2% worldwide, very little data is available from India. AIM: To determine the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization among school children aged 9 to 12 years in virajpet, Karnataka. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study consisted of 1600 school children aged 9-12 years selected by stratified cluster sampling procedure. The European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria were followed for MIH diagnosis. Chi-square test was used to analyse the categorical data. P ≤ 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. RESULTS: The prevalence of MIH is 13.12% with no gender predilection. Ten-year-old children showed the highest prevalence (15%) among all the age group. Majority of children with MIH (70.2%) have lesions in both molars and incisors with demarcated opacities and atypical restorations being the most frequent defect type. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of MIH was 13.12% in the 9-12-year child population in Virajpet. There is a need for a proper planned preventive and restorative program about the increasing prevalence of MIH.

A BSTRACT Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the changes in maxillary and mandibular third molar inclinations in individuals with class II div 1 malocclusion, before and after orthodontic treatment with extraction of all four first premolars. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study consisted of the pretreatment and posttreatment records of 30 patients that were obtained from the archives of the department of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics in A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences. The maxillary third molar’s relation to the palatal plane and the mandibular third molar’s relation to the mandibular plane were measured. The paired t test was used to calculate pre- and posttreatment changes. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The maxillary third molars showed a mean correction of 6.15° ( P < 0.001) and the mandibular third molars showed a mean correction of 5.10° ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: Maxillary third molars showed more uprighting when compared to the mandibular third molars and that both maxillary and mandibular third molars showed an improvement in their angulations to their respective planes after extraction of the first premolars. However, the results of the study cannot be analyzed to state if the third molars do become fully functional.

A BSTRACT Objectives: Dental tissues possess multipotent stem cells with varying biological properties. The present study was aimed to establish a primary culture of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) and periodontal ligament-derived stem cells (PDLSCs) from periodontally healthy subjects and compare their biological characteristics. Materials and Methods: Gingival and periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues were collected from extracted premolar teeth of five healthy subjects and primary cultures were established. Basic biological characteristics, such as cell morphology, viability, proliferation capacity, and colony-forming units, and in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential were performed at passage 3 of GMSCs and PDLSCs. This was followed by immuno-phenotyping and flow cytometric analysis for identification of positive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers, such as CD73, CD90, and CD105, and negative markers CD45 and CD34. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Primary cultures of GMSCs and PDLSCs were successfully established. Cells exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology with a homogeneous population at passage 3. Cells derived from both tissues were highly viable (>95%), proliferative, and capable of forming colonies. Both cells did not exhibit any noticeable differences in cellular properties. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analyses showed positivity for MSC markers, CD73, CD90, and CD105, and negativity for CD34 and CD45. Furthermore, GMSCs and PDLSCs were capable of differentiating in vitro into osteocytes as evidenced by Alizarin red-S staining, and adipocytes as demonstrated by oil red O staining. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that both GMSCs and PDLSCs have similar cellular characteristics and mesenchymal differentiation potential. Therefore, they may serve as an equally potent source of stem cells for use in cell-based periodontal therapies.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of dental caries and periodontal diseases among adolescent subjects receiving orthodontic treatment in a dental institute. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Orthopaedics, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, among 12-18-year-old subjects receiving orthodontic treatment from Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet. The data collected was coded and analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 21). Descriptive statistics included the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. RESULTS Incidence of dental caries was found to be 100 % (90) and incidence of gingival bleeding was found to be 100 % (90) among subjects receiving orthodontic treatment. About 94 % of study subjects did not have any oral mucosal conditions while 6 % study subjects had oral mucosal conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that there was a high incidence of dental problems such as dental caries and periodontal disease among orthodontic patients while incidence of oral mucosal conditions was found to be 6 %. Orthodontic practitioners should stress upon the importance of maintaining proper oral hygiene to their patients. Hence, periodic evaluation is necessary to diagnose and treat these diseases at an early stage. KEY WORDS Caries, Periodontal Diseases, Incidence, Orthodontics, Dental Institute