A major challenge of software-defined radio (SDR) is to realize many giga operations per second of flexible baseband processing within a power budget of only a few hundred mW. A heterogeneous hardware architecture with the programmable vector processor EVP as key component can support WLAN, UMTS, and other standards. A detailed rationale for the EVP architecture, based on the analysis of a number of key algorithms, as well as implementation and benchmarking results are described.

Introduction This paper describes the development of an architecture for the integration of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), i.e. pedestrians, cyclists and powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) systems, and the requirements for VRU devices. Methods This paper starts with a literature overview on research related to safety applications using communication between vehicle and VRU, and an analysis of the different use cases for C-ITS for VRUs. An architecture is developed, starting from an architecture of C-ITS systems and incorporating the different alternative configuration for VRUs. Starting from the architecture and the use cases, the requirements for VRU devices are defined. Finally, a roadmap regarding C-ITS applications for VRUs is developed. Results C-ITS technologies allow to communicate with low latency in highly dynamic environments. C-ITS will be integrated in vehicles and can also become available for VRUs, either as an application on a smartphone or as a dedicated device, which can be integrated in the VRU's vehicle. Two levels of use cases can be identified: awareness of the presence of VRUs near potentially dangerous situations, and collision risk warning, based on trajectories of the road users. A roadmap was developed aligned with the roadmap of the automotive industry.Conclusions Awareness related use cases are relatively close to the market, as they do not put stringent requirements to the (localization) sensors at infrastructure or vehicles. For the collision risk warning use case, the technical requirements for VRU devices towards sensor accuracy and calculation capabilities are challenging. Other challenges are power consumption, context sensitivity, channel congestion, privacy and security of messages. Standardisation of the messages exchanged between VRUs and other road users and infrastructure is a key issue.

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Communication over a MIMO (multiple-inputmultiple-output) channel promises several advantages: increase in channel capacity, reduced transmit power, greater coverage, and improved link robustness. The minimum mean squared error equalizer (MMSE) is a potential algorithm in addressing the MIMO detection challenge. This paper presents four implementations for the computation of the MMSE equalizer coefficients. The studied options are: (1) a generalpurpose microprocessor (ARM926EJ-S), (2) a traditional general purpose DSP (RD16024), (3) an embedded vector processor (EVP 16 ), and (4) a dedicated hardware solution. We show that, the equalizer requires acceleration for real-time processing. In order to obtain a low cost, flexible multistandard WLAN baseband implementation, EVP 16 is the only feasible solution among the four studied.I.