The demand for mental health services in Korea is increasing, and a corresponding rise in the number of trainees in counseling psychology results in a need for effective supervision. Using a grounded theory approach, this study explored Korean supervisors' experiences in supervision to better understand the current status of supervision practice in Korea. a model emerging from the data suggests that Korean clinical supervisors in mental health view teaching and explorations of supervisees' personal issues as the main activities of supervision. Both the method of supervision and the structure of supervision affected the way that supervisors' theoretical orientations and supervisees' developmental levels influenced the focus of supervisors' teaching and explorations of supervisees' personal issues. To compensate for lack of formal training in supervision, participants in this study engaged in selfdevelopment activities. The results of this study are discussed in the context of Korean cultural characteristics and the current status of counseling psychology in Korea. Implications for future supervision training in Korea and in the United States are discussed.

This study used a grounded theory approach to explore South Korean supervisees' negative supervisory experiences in order to better understand and improve the current status of supervision practice in Korea. Many findings were consistent with those of similar studies conducted in Western countries. These included instances of supervisors dismissing supervisees' thoughts and feelings, supervisees being reluctant to bring their concerns about such behavior to the supervisor, and supervisees experiencing such consequences as reduced motivation to participate in supervision and even personal distress. In addition, this study also highlighted the important role that culture can play. For example, the hierarchical nature of relationships in Confucian-influenced societies amplifies the issues of hierarchy that are inherent in supervision. The societal norms of indirect communication created challenges for supervisors and supervisees and the importance of saving face (chemyeon) sometimes added to supervisees' distress. The conceptual model that was developed on the basis of these interviews may help increase sensitivity to these issues and inform supervisor training.

No abstract

Clinical supervision is an essential mechanism for training psychologists internationally. But although it is performed globally, scholarship has primarily addressed it through the lens of Western supervision practices. The authors of this manuscript aspired to an alternative lens, that of enlightened globalization (Kim and Park in Korea J 44(2):30-51, 2007), to compare supervision practices in the U.S. and six countries that have been less studied-

Stage models have largely informed scholarship on supervisor developmental processes. We argue that understanding this development as occurring along dimensions is more useful for both supervision practitioners and educators as well as for those engaged in research on supervisor development. Building on the work of Heid () and working with a panel of 7 supervision experts, we identify 10 themes and validate their salience to supervisor development using a sample of 22 clinical supervisors. We describe and elaborate on each theme, and then present and discuss a case vignette that illustrates many of the supervisor developmental themes.