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Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remain underserved and at risk for HIV acquisition in Ethiopia. However, there is significant risk heterogeneity among AGYW with limited consensus on optimal strategies of identifying vulnerable AGYW. This study assessed the utility of venue-based sampling approaches to identify AGYW at increased risk for HIV infection. Venue mapping and time-location-sampling (TLS) methods were used to recruit AGYW from three sub-cities of Addis Ababa, February–June 2018. Interviewer-administered surveys captured socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics. Measures of AGYW vulnerability were assessed geographically and described by venue type. A total of 2468 unique venues were identified, of which 802 (32%) were systematically selected for validation and 371 (46%) were eligible including many sites that would traditionally not be included as venues in need of HIV prevention services. Overall, 800 AGYW were enrolled across 81 sampled venues. AGYW reached were largely out-of-school (n = 599, 75%) with high proportions of AGYW reporting transactional sex (n = 101, 12.6%), food insecurity (n = 165, 20.7%) and migration (n = 565, 70.6%). Taken together, these data suggest the utility of TLS methods in reaching vulnerable, out-of-school AGYW in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10461-019-02537-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Dietary diversity is one of the eight core indicators of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices. It is also a proxy for nutrient adequacy of the diet of individuals. There are minimal studies showing the level of dietary practice in urban and rural settings comparably. Hence, the present study intended to assess and compare differences in the level of dietary diversity and its contributing factors in urban and rural settings of the West Shoa zone of Oromia, Ethiopia. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 674 pairs of mothers/caregivers and children aged 6–23 months using a multistage sampling technique. Data were analysed and descriptive summaries were presented with tables, charts and graphs. A linear regression analysis was used to identify factors that were associated with the level of dietary diversity. The dietary diversity score (DDS) was 26⋅1 % (95 % CI 22⋅8, 29⋅5) both in urban and rural (P < 0⋅001), and also the minimum meal frequency was 56⋅5 % (95 % CI 52⋅7, 60⋅2) (P < 0⋅038). Child from merchant mother, own production of foods at the household level and frequent advice of IYCF practices during Post natal care (PNC) visit in urban residents, maternal secondary educational level, living with caregiver only, having a merchant father, advice of IYCF practice during PNC visit and utilisation of horse as a means of transportation in rural were positively associated with the level of dietary diversity. Generally, infant and young children who received the recommended dietary diversity and the minimum meal frequency were low in the study area both in the urban and rural settings.

Background Globally, according to the WHO/UNICEF 2021 estimates, more than 18 million children in low- and middle-income countries, primarily in Africa and South-East Asia, are not receiving any vaccinations. Ethiopia is one of the top four countries contributing to the global number of zero-dose children. Objective To estimate the prevalence of zero-dose children and associated factors in underserved populations of Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional vaccine coverage survey was conducted in June 2022. The study participants were mothers of children aged 12–35 months. Data were collected using the CommCare application system and later analysed using Stata version 17. Vaccination coverage was estimated using a weighted analysis approach. A generalized estimating equation model was fitted to determine the predictors of zero-dose children. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of zero-dose children in the study settings was 33.7% (95% CI: 34.9%, 75.7%). Developing and pastoralist regions, internally displaced peoples, newly formed regions, and conflict-affected areas had the highest prevalence of zero-dose children. Wealth index (poorest [AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.70, 4.53], poorer [AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.77]), single marital status [AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7, 3.3], and maternal age (15–24 years) [AOR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.3] were identified as key determinant factors of zero-dose children in the study settings. Additional factors included fewer than four ANC visits [AOR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.4], not receiving PNC services [AOR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.5, 3.0], unavailability of health facilities within the village [AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 2.6, 5.4], women-headed household [AOR = 1.3; 95% CI:1.02, 1.7], low gender empowerment [AOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.1], and medium gender empowerment [AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.5]. Conclusion In the study settings, the prevalence of zero-dose children is very high. Poor economic status, disempowerment of women, being unmarried, young maternal age, and underutilizing antenatal or post-natal services are the important predictors. Therefore, it is recommended to target tailored integrated and context-specific service delivery approach. Moreover, extend immunization sessions opening hours during the evening/weekend in the city administrations to meet parents’ needs.

Background: Undernutrition is the major health problem in developing countries especially among underprivileged populations. In Ethiopia there is no clear information regarding the magnitude and forms of undernutrition and their associated factors among adolescent street children. This study assessed the magnitude of undernutrition and its associated factors among adolescent street children at Jimma town from March 1-31, 2019. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 312 street children. Pretested self-administered structured questions were used for data collection. Data were entered to EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. WHO AnthroPlus software version 1.0.4 was used for computing standardized indicators of nutritional status. Independent variables with P-value ≤0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in multivariable logistic regression and variables with P-value <0.05 in multivariable logistic regression were declared as statistically significant. Results: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 312 street children from March 1-31, 2019. The study found 29.2% (95%CI: 24-34.0) and 30.4% (95%CI: 24.6-35.3) magnitude of thinness and stunting respectively. Being female (AOR: 2.55; 95%CI: 1.16-5.63), Ever skipped one or more daily meal per day (AOR: 6.56; 95%CI: 2.25-19.15), low dietary diversity score (AOR: 1.86; 95%CI: 1.05-3.27) and using unprotected water source (AOR: 1.78; 95%CI: 1.03-3.05) were statistically significant factors for thinness whereas being in age group [15][16][17][18] and ever used substance (AOR: 3.01; 95%CI: 1.17-7.77) were statistically significant factors for stunting. Conclusion: This study found that the magnitude of thinness and stunting was high among adolescent street children and a range of factors were observed that result in thinness and stunting. Service provisions targeting nutritional supply, personal and environmental sanitation should be given to these street children through intersectoral collaboration.