Clinical practice recommendations for allied disorders of Hirschprung's disease are given for each CQ, along with an assessment of the current evidence. We hope that the information will be helpful in daily practice and future studies.

No abstract

Histamine plays an important role in the regulation of gastric acid secretion; however, its role in maintenance of gastric morphology remains unclear. To clarify the necessity of histamine for gastric mucosal development and maintenance, we evaluated two different kinds of mice that lacked either mast cells (one of the gastric histamine-producing cell types) or histidine decarboxylase (HDC; a histamine-synthesizing enzyme). Measurements of stomach weight, intragastric pH, mucosal histamine levels, as well as serum gastrin and albumin levels were performed in mice. Gastric mucosal appearance was examined by immunohistochemical techniques. Although gastric mucosal histamine levels in mast cell-deficient mice were half of those observed in the wild-type mice, intragastric pH, serum gastrin levels, and gastric morphology at 12 mo were unchanged compared with the wild-type mice. In contrast, HDC-deficient mice possessed no detectable gastric histamine, but did exhibit hypergastrinemia, as well as marked increases in intragastric pH and stomach weight compared with the wild-type mice. Histological analysis revealed that 9-mo-old HDC-deficient mice demonstrated hyperplasia in the oxyntic glandular base region, as well as increased numbers of parietal and enterochromaffin-like cells. These results indicate that enterochromaffin-like cell-derived histamine is potentially involved in gastric mucosal morphology regulation.

Because several carcinogenic molecules are upregulated in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa even in children, early eradication therapy from childhood may be beneficial to decrease the incidence of gastric cancer. Although increased expression of olfactomedin-4 can be important in suppressing gastric cancer in adults, the increase was not detected in children.

FPIP in infancy and NTEC are similar diseases and interleukin-6, CCL11, and CXCL13 may play a major role in the pathogenesis of rectal bleeding. Although the involvement of allergic reaction is possible, milk allergy was not a common outcome after 1 year of follow up.