Background:The primary purpose of this study was to understand veterinary students' views on the described key surgical entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and to understand how COVID-19 restrictions have impacted their clinical skill and competence development. Methods: Final-year veterinary students at a single institute completed a web-based survey distributed by email. The survey aimed to characterise five constructs regarding EPAs, and a specific five-point Likert-like scale was created asking explicitly worded questions for each construct. Results: One hundred and ten students responded. The cohort agreed that the previously described key surgical EPAs were clinically important and relevant, but over 50% of the respondents felt that they had no substantial experience with them and were not confident or comfortable performing them. Additionally, most students (95%) felt their clinical development was negatively impacted by COVID-19. Conclusions:The results of this study show that the key EPAs proposed are considered important skills by the undergraduate cohort described and that experience levels when entering the final year are lacking, potentially due to reduced exposure to clinical cases influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Catheterisation is the key definitive emergency procedure in relieving urethral obstruction. However, ensuring that the patient is stable to tolerate the procedure and having a plan in place if placement is challenging is also essential.Aim of the article: This is the second article in a three-part series. The aim of this article is to summarise urethral catheterisation, and immediate postcatheterisation management. The first article discussed presentation and stabilisation (Breheny and others ), while the third will focus on home management to prevent recurrent obstruction and on addressing underlying feline idiopathic cystitis. Craig Brehenyquali ed from the University of Edinburgh in 2011. A er three years in general practice in the north east, he returned to Edinburgh for a residency in internal medicine and was awarded his diploma in 2019. He is now a senior lecturer as part of the emergency and critical care service at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R[D]SVS).

Background: Urethral obstruction is one of the most commonly encountered emergencies in feline medicine, with a wide range of clinical signs, from dysuria to peri‐arrest. Such patients are some of the most challenging cases in feline medicine with several factors to consider; however, they can be equally rewarding. Aim of the article: This is the first article in a three‐part series. The aim of this article is to summarise a stepwise approach from presentation through to diagnosis of urethral obstruction. The second article will focus on urethral catheterisation, and immediate postcatheterisation management, while the third will focus on home management to prevent recurrent obstruction, and on addressing underlying feline idiopathic cystitis.

Canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) mimics human invasive TCC. Human TCC overexpress lipoxygenase (LOX)-5 and the use of target inhibitors has been proved effective. In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of LOX-5 in normal canine urinary bladder, cystitis and TCC. LOX-5, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2 IHC expression and their relationship among the different groups were investigated.

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