Use of a new LHMF in preterm infants instead of powder HMF is safe. Benefits of LHMF include improvements in growth and avoidance of the use of powder products in the NICU.

The impact of simulated digestion on the stability and bioaccessibility of isoflavonoids from soy bread was examined using simulated oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion. The aqueous (bioaccessible) fraction was isolated from digesta by centrifugation, and samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Isoflavonoids were stable during simulated digestion. Partitioning of aglycones, acetylgenistin, and malonylgenistin into the aqueous fraction was significantly (P < 0.01) affected by the concentration of bile present during small intestinal digestion. Omission of bile resulted in nondetectable genistein and <40% of total daidzein, glycitein, and acetylgenistin in the aqueous fraction of digesta. Partitioning of these compounds into the aqueous fraction was increased by physiological concentrations of bile extract. These results suggest that micellarization is required for optimal bioaccessibility of isoflavonoid aglycones. We propose that the bioavailability of isoflavones from foods containing fat and protein may exceed that of supplements due to enhanced bile secretion.

Background:Although soy isoflavonoids have a number of healthpromoting benefits, information concerning the sites of their absorption and metabolism in humans remains limited. Isoflavonoid absorption from the gut requires deconjugation of glucosides to aglycones. Objective: The objective was to investigate the role of the small intestine in isoflavonoid absorption and metabolism in humans. Design: Human subjects with fully functional gastrointestinal tracts (n ҃ 6) and ileostomy subjects (n ҃ 6) were fed a single soy meal containing 64.8 mg isoflavonoid aglycone equivalents (95% as glucosides). Metabolism of isoflavonoids in the upper gastrointestinal tract was examined by analyzing ileal effluent from ileostomy subjects, and absorption was assessed indirectly by quantifying isoflavonoids and several metabolites in 24-h urine pools. Results: Chyme contained 36.7% of ingested isoflavonoid aglycone equivalents, primarily (95.8%) as aglycones. Qualitative profiles (x Ȁ SEM) of isoflavonoid excretion in urine (daidzein glycitein genistein) and the quantity of isoflavonoid equivalents were not significantly different between the control (18.4 Ȁ 2.2 mg) and ileostomy (13.5 Ȁ 3.2 mg) subjects. Dihydrodaidzein was present in the urine of all subjects, although the amount excreted by ileostomy subjects was less than that excreted by the control subjects. The percentage of producers and mean quantities of dihydrogenistein, equol, and O-desmethylangolensin in the urine of ileostomy subjects also were lower than those of control subjects. Conclusions: Ileostomy subjects efficiently deglycosylate isoflavonoid glucosides in the small intestine and appear to absorb aglycones with an efficiency comparable with that of control subjects. However, the production of microbial metabolites of isoflavonoids is limited in ileostomy subjects.Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85: 1050 -6.

Children and adolescents are at increased risk of developing gambling problems compared to adults. A review of successful prevention campaigns targeting drinking and driving, smoking, unprotected sex, and drug use suggests that public service announcements (PSAs) featuring celebrity spokespersons have strong potential for raising awareness of the risks associated with excessive underage gambling. In developing these PSAs, the psychological processes underlying persuasion should be considered along with the source characteristics of prospective spokespersons. Having a celebrity spokesperson associated with gambling should lend credibility to the message and increase issue relevant processing among youth highly involved in gambling. The recent surge in popularity of poker and Internet poker participation among youth suggests that a gambling prevention campaign may benefit from soliciting the endorsement of celebrities who have been associated with poker or even professional poker players themselves.Despite ongoing efforts to curb gambling among children and adolescents, young people gamble at higher rates and are at increased risk of developing gambling problems compared to adults (Derevensky and Gupta 2000). Upwards of 86% of individuals between the ages of 12 and 17 years gambled during the previous 12-month period (Jacobs 2004) and prevalence studies suggest that 10-15% of adolescents are at-risk of either developing or returning to a serious gambling problem while 4-6% exhibit patterns of pathological

Equol is a metabolite of daidzein with greater estrogenic activity and antioxidant capacity than its precursor. Although it is known that equol is produced by the gut microflora, information regarding its transport and metabolism in the intestine is lacking. This study investigated transepithelial transport, bioconversion, and efflux of equol using differentiated cultures of Caco-2 cells to characterize its bioavailability. Uptake was directly proportional to the initial concentration in the apical compartment with maximal intracellular concentrations being reached and 20% of the total added to the apical compartment present in the basolateral compartment as free equol after 1 h. By 4 h, 73% of equol was present as beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase sensitive conjugates with approximately 47 and 26% of initial equol distributed in apical and basolateral compartments, respectively. Free equol in the basolateral compartment appeared to be retrotransported, largely conjugated, and effluxed across the apical membrane. These results suggest that differences in the synthesis and efflux of equol conjugates may contribute to the marked variance in the bioavailability of equol in "producer" phenotype.