The triple bottom line can be impacted in both positive and negative ways by the use of tree sawmill waste as a natural dye. Trees contain a biomordant in the form of tannin which may eliminate the need for metallic mordants, thus reducing water, thermal energy, residual waste, and exposure to a mordant chemical. Dyeing with mill waste provides an economic option for an existing timber manufacturing byproduct. This research analyzed the impact of potassium aluminum sulfate (PAS) on dye concentration, hue, and colorfastness to light and laundering for three regional dyewoods (black walnut, Osage orange, and eastern redcedar) on wool yarn. Dye concentrations were pre-tested to find a standard depth of shade between mordanted and nonmordanted yarns. Tests for colorfastness to light and laundering were performed according to AATCC methods. Resulting colors for exposed and unexposed specimens were rated using CIE L*a*b* values and descriptive statistics were used to examine directional relationship within independent variables mordant and exposure (light and laundering). Two-sample t test was performed to investigate the effect of a PAS mordant versus no mordant on overall color difference between specimens exposed to light and laundering. Findings indicated that dye absorption was improved with the use of a PAS mordant. For yarns premordanted with PAS the dyewood colors became warmer. A PAS mordant slightly improved colorfastness to light for black walnut and eastern redcedar, but did not influence Osage orange which had a color change from bright yellow to warm brown after exposure to light. Colorfastness to laundering improved only for Osage orange with a PAS mordant.

Releases of radioactive materials in airborne and liquid effluents from commercial light water reactors during 1993 have been compiled and reported. The summary data for the years 1974 through 1992 are included for comparison. Data on solid waste shipments as well as selected operating information have been included. This report supplements earlier annual reports issued by the former Atomic Energy Commission and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The 1993 release data are summarized in tabular form. Data covering specific radionuclides are summarized.

The purpose of this research in design project was to explore color options of select regional dyewoods through non-mordant, mordant, and post-treatment, and then to apply those findings to the creation of a handwoven textile for use in an apparel product. This was implemented by dyeing 100% cotton yarn using native Kansas black walnut and eastern redcedar sawdust, weaving yardage on a four shaft 23" wide floor loom, and creating a fitted garment from the woven cloth utilizing draping and flat pattern methods, along with machine construction.The design process began with inspiration from photographs taken of local trees and a wind-fallen twig with intricate fungus growing on it. Walnut and cedar sawdust was used to dye 100% bleached 10/2 cotton yarns. The walnut dye resulted in a medium brown, walnut modified with iron was a dark brown and the cedar produced a light tan color. The dyed cotton yarns were used in combination with 100% organic naturally brown colored cotton in the warp, creating alternating stripes of dark and light value, separated by smaller stripes of undyed cream colored cotton yarn. Cream colored cotton was used in the weft to produce a herringbone weave structure. The final handwoven fabric was a slightly elastic and dense textile with a soft handle.Fitted jacket and shorts were constructed from the handwoven textile and 100% cotton velour, with princess seams running along the front and back of the jacket and zipper closure for both the shorts and jacket. The cream cotton velour used for the yoke and sleeves offsets the handwoven textile, reminding one of the first snow on barren tree branches. 11

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In research, one can often find natural dyes touted as a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes (